TABLE 3.

Macronutrients implied in mediate pro-and anti-inflammatory responses.

Nutrients	Anti-inflammatory effects	Pro-inflammatory effects	Antitumor effects	Tumor effects
Arginine	The induction of the NF-κB pathway was linked with the arginine degradation pathway (16). In Caco-2 cells, arginine was able to induce the inhibition of the IL-1β-mediated NF-κB pathway (160). Some studies that showed the Arg-1 positive effects in certain diseases that are inflammatory through an anti-inflammatory action (162, 163).		There is information that reported the antitumor role of arginine through the improvement of immune response (167).	There are studies were shown that the higher metabolism of arginine in tumors cells together with their particular environment creates conditions that are intermediary and at the same time crucial for the maintenance and development of cancer cells (164, 165). Data were shown that the arginine deprivation is correlated with a delay in the development of some tumor cells (166). (168) et al., 2020 show that certain kinds of cancer cells need arginine to develop. Some authors explained that arginine deprivation may downregulate the migration of cancer cells (169, 170).
Tryptophan (Trp)	IDO-competent cells may trigger an anti-inflammatory action through the Kyn/Trp equilibrium, which has the ability to influence some signaling immune and certain metabolic pathways (182).	Usually, IDO, the tryptophan metabolite has an insignificant effect in healthy and normal conditions. Things are changed by some cytokines, including interferons as a result of the triggered inflammatory process (176). In cases of cancer, infections, auto-immune diseases, or cardiovascular problems the blood ratio Kyn/Trp may represent a marker for inflammation which is linked to IDO activity(181).	The metabolite of tryptophan 5-methoxytryptophan (5-MTP), has the ability to suppress the development of tumors and the displacement of cancer cells in other tissues (187).	The arginine deprivation of cancer cells is capable to reduce metastatic activity (166). Kynurenine metabolism is able to stimulate an oxidative stress resistance pathway, and in this way creating an opportunity to make changes in the tumor microenvironment that help the development of the tumor (186).

Arg-1, type-I arginase; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; Kyn/Trp, kynurenine/tryptophan; 5-methoxytryptophan, 5-MTP; IL, interleukin; NF-κB, pro-inflammatory factor Kappa B; Th, helper T cell.