Table 2:
Cohort demographics, interventions, comorbidities, stratified by Length of Stay (LOS)
| VARIABLE | N (% of Cohort) | LOS<7 Days | LOS≥7 Days |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Population | 3,678 (100.0%) | 3,107 (84.5%) | 571 (15.5%) |
|
| |||
| Age (Mean, SD) | 60.1 ± 13.8 | 59.1 ± 14.2 | 65.2 ± 10.2 |
| 18–39 | 349 (9.5%) | 340 (97.4%) | 9 (2.6%) |
| 40–49 | 424 (11.5%) | 390 (92.0%) | 34 (8.0%) |
| 50–59 | 804 (21.9%) | 701 (87.2%) | 103 (12.8%) |
| 60–69 | 1123 (30.5%) | 905 (80.6%) | 218 (19.4%) |
| 70–79 | 807 (21.9%) | 632 (78.3%) | 175 (21.7%) |
| ≥80 | 171 (4.6%) | 139 (81.3%) | 32 (18.7%) |
|
| |||
| Gender | |||
| Male | 1890 (51.4%) | 1667 (88.2%) | 223 (11.8%) |
| Female | 1788 (48.6%) | 1440 (80.5%) | 348 (19.5%) |
|
| |||
| Ethnicity | |||
| Asian | 231 (6.3%) | 204 (88.3%) | 27 (11.7%) |
| Black | 171 (4.6%) | 142 (83.0%) | 29 (17.0%) |
| White | 2842 (77.3%) | 2393 (84.2%) | 449 (15.8%) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 310 (8.4%) | 260 (83.9%) | 50 (16.1%) |
| Other | 124 (3.4%) | 108 (87.1%) | 16 (12.9%) |
|
| |||
| BMI | |||
| Normal BMI(BMI<25) | 1062 (28.9%) | 901 (84.8%) | 161 (15.2%) |
| Overweight(25≤BMI<30) | 1397 (38.0%) | 1204 (86.2%) | 193 (13.8%) |
| Obese(30≤BMI<35) | 787 (21.4%) | 652 (82.8%) | 135 (17.2%) |
| Morbidly Obese (BMI≥35) | 432 (11.7%) | 350 (81.0%) | 82 (19.0%) |
|
| |||
| Diagnosis | |||
| Cervical Degenerative | 990 (26.9%) | 935 (94.4%) | 55 (5.6%) |
| Lumbar Degenerative | 1844 (50.1%) | 1722 (93.4%) | 122 (6.6%) |
| Spine Deformity | 844 (22.9%) | 450 (53.3%) | 394 (46.7%) |
|
| |||
| Surgical Invasiveness | |||
| 1–2 | 978 (26.6%) | 966 (98.8%) | 12 (1.2%) |
| 3–6 | 622 (16.9%) | 589 (94.7%) | 33 (5.3%) |
| 7–12 | 922 (25.1%) | 834 (90.5%) | 88 (9.5%) |
| 13–18 | 616 (16.7%) | 504 (81.8%) | 112 (18.2%) |
| 19–24 | 247 (6.7%) | 138 (55.9%) | 109 (44.1%) |
| ≥25 | 293 (8.0%) | 76 (25.9%) | 217 (74.1%) |
|
| |||
| Surgical Approach | |||
| Anterior | 561 (15.3%) | 534 (95.2%) | 27 (4.8%) |
| Posterior | 2261 (61.5%) | 2046 (90.5%) | 215 (9.5%) |
| Combined- Same Day | 498 (13.5%) | 428 (85.9%) | 70 (14.1%) |
| Combined - Staged Different Day | 358 (9.7%) | 99 (27.7%) | 259 (72.3%) |
|
| |||
| Cardiovascular Risk Factors | |||
| Hypertension | 1690 (45.9%) | 1354 (80.1%) | 336 (19.9%) |
| Heart Failure | 110 (3.0%) | 82 (74.5%) | 28 (25.5%) |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease | 92 (2.5%) | 65 (70.7%) | 27 (29.3%) |
| Past Myocardial Infarction | 46 (1.3%) | 37 (80.4%) | 9 (19.6%) |
| Heart Block | 40 (1.1%) | 32 (80.0%) | 8 (20.0%) |
| Past Stroke | 51 (1.4%) | 40 (78.4%) | 11 (21.6%) |
| Cardiomyopathy | 39 (1.1%) | 34 (87.2%) | 5 (12.8%) |
| Arrhythmia | 526 (14.3%) | 394 (74.9%) | 132 (25.1%) |
| Myocarditis | 65 (1.8%) | 55 (84.6%) | 10 (15.4%) |
|
| |||
| Respiratory Risk Factors | |||
| COPD | 203 (5.5%) | 143 (70.4%) | 60 (29.6%) |
| Dyspnea | 32 (0.9%) | 25 (78.1%) | 7 (21.9%) |
| Asthma History | 453 (12.3%) | 368 (81.2%) | 85 (18.8%) |
| Ventilator Dependent | 20 (0.5%) | 9 (45.0%) | 11 (55.0%) |
|
| |||
| Smoking Status | |||
| Current Smoker | 242 (6.6%) | 216 (89.3%) | 26 (10.7%) |
| Former Smoker | 1445 (39.3%) | 1163 (80.5%) | 282 (19.5%) |
| Never Smoker | 1991 (54.1%) | 1728 (86.8%) | 263 (13.2%) |
|
| |||
| Renal Risk Factors | |||
| Acute Renal Failure | 94 (2.6%) | 51 (54.3%) | 43 (45.7%) |
| Renal Dialysis | 12 (0.3%) | 6 (50.0%) | 6 (50.0%) |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 329 (8.9%) | 237 (72.0%) | 92 (28.0%) |
|
| |||
| Metabolic Risk Factors | |||
| Diabetes | 564 (15.3%) | 439 (77.8%) | 125 (22.2%) |
| Acute Liver Damage | 53 (1.4%) | 38 (71.7%) | 15 (28.3%) |
|
| |||
| Other Risk Factors | |||
| Cancer History | 581 (15.8%) | 503 (86.6%) | 78 (13.4%) |
| Osteoporosis | 297 (8.1%) | 198 (66.7%) | 99 (33.3%) |
| Inflammatory Disease | 114 (3.1%) | 95 (83.3%) | 19 (16.7%) |
| Insomnia | 60 (1.6%) | 40 (66.7%) | 20 (33.3%) |
| Sleep Apnea | 516 (14.0%) | 404 (78.3%) | 112 (21.7%) |
| Depression | 511 (13.9%) | 398 (77.9%) | 113 (22.1%) |
| Anxiety | 397 (10.8%) | 312 (78.6%) | 85 (21.4%) |
| GERD | 841 (22.9%) | 642 (76.3%) | 199 (23.7%) |
| Opioid Addiction Disorder | 40 (1.1%) | 12 (30.0%) | 28 (70.0%) |