Table 5:
Generalized Linear Model: Poisson Distribution coefficients for numerical prediction of Length of Stay(LOS)
| Variable | Coefficient | Standard Error (SE) | t-statistic | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Intercept | −0.15 | 0.05 | −2.69 | 0.007 |
|
| ||||
| Age | ||||
| 18–39 | Ref | -- | -- | -- |
| 40–49 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 0.343 |
| 50–59 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 3.37 | 0.001 |
| 60–69 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 4.82 | <0.001 |
| 70–79 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 5.34 | <0.001 |
| ≥80 | 0.42 | 0.06 | 6.80 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | Ref | -- | -- | -- |
| Male | −0.08 | 0.02 | −3.74 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Race | ||||
| White | Ref | -- | -- | -- |
| Asian | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.38 | 0.705 |
| Black | 0.23 | 0.04 | 5.19 | <0.001 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.07 | 0.03 | 1.95 | 0.051 |
|
| ||||
| BMI | ||||
| Normal BMI(BMI<25) | Ref | -- | -- | -- |
| Overweight(25≤BMI<30) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.46 | 0.646 |
| Obese(30≤BMI<35) | 0.04 | 0.03 | 1.38 | 0.167 |
| Morbidly Obese (BMI≥35) | 0.05 | 0.03 | 1.44 | 0.149 |
|
| ||||
| Diagnosis | ||||
| Lumbar Degenerative | Ref | -- | -- | -- |
| Cervical Degenerative | −0.17 | 0.04 | −4.66 | <0.001 |
| Deformity | 0.14 | 0.04 | 3.43 | 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Surgical Invasiveness Index | ||||
| 1–2 | Ref | -- | -- | -- |
| 3–6 | 1.06 | 0.04 | 24.88 | <0.001 |
| 7–12 | 1.25 | 0.05 | 27.64 | <0.001 |
| 13–18 | 1.25 | 0.05 | 24.57 | <0.001 |
| 19–24 | 1.43 | 0.06 | 22.05 | <0.001 |
| ≥25 | 1.50 | 0.07 | 21.63 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Surgical Approach | ||||
| Posterior | Ref | -- | -- | -- |
| Anterior | −0.38 | 0.04 | −8.48 | <0.001 |
| Combined - Staged Same Day | −0.06 | 0.04 | −1.72 | 0.085 |
| Combined - Staged Different Day | 0.31 | 0.03 | 9.27 | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Cardiovascular Risk Factors | ||||
| Hypertension | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.88 | 0.379 |
| Heart Failure | −0.06 | 0.06 | −1.07 | 0.284 |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease | 0.18 | 0.06 | 3.21 | 0.001 |
| Past Myocardial Infarction | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.918 |
| Heart Block | 0.00 | 0.08 | −0.03 | 0.980 |
| Past Stroke | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.27 | 0.786 |
| Cardiomyopathy | −0.13 | 0.11 | −1.20 | 0.230 |
| Arrhythmia | 0.20 | 0.03 | 7.09 | <0.001 |
| Myocarditis | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.64 | 0.521 |
|
| ||||
| Respiratory Risk Factors | ||||
| COPD | 0.07 | 0.04 | 1.96 | 0.050 |
| Dyspnea | −0.19 | 0.11 | −1.78 | 0.075 |
| Asthma History | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.74 | 0.459 |
| Ventilator Dependent | 0.14 | 0.09 | 1.49 | 0.135 |
|
| ||||
| Smoking Status | ||||
| Never Smoker | Ref | -- | -- | -- |
| Current Smoker | 0.08 | 0.04 | 1.94 | 0.053 |
| Former Smoker | 0.06 | 0.02 | 2.98 | 0.003 |
|
| ||||
| Renal Risk Factors | ||||
| Acute Renal Failure | 0.30 | 0.06 | 5.38 | <0.001 |
| Renal Dialysis | 0.23 | 0.14 | 1.65 | 0.099 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.50 | 0.618 |
|
| ||||
| Metabolic Risk Factors | ||||
| Diabetes | 0.13 | 0.03 | 4.85 | <0.001 |
| Acute Liver Damage | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.36 | 0.722 |
|
| ||||
| Other Risk Factors | ||||
| Cancer History | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.21 | 0.832 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.04 | 0.03 | 1.32 | 0.186 |
| Inflammatory Disease | −0.10 | 0.05 | −2.07 | 0.038 |
| Insomnia | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.27 | 0.790 |
| Sleep Apnea | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.24 | 0.214 |
| Depression | 0.04 | 0.03 | 1.28 | 0.200 |
| Anxiety | 0.10 | 0.03 | 3.15 | 0.002 |
| GERD | 0.07 | 0.02 | 3.34 | 0.001 |
| Opioid Addiction Disorder | 0.19 | 0.06 | 3.07 | 0.002 |