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. 2022 Dec 21;13:7843. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35493-x

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Fig. 4 — a Sea-surface temperature anomaly; b surface air temperature (colours) with anomalous mid-tropospheric (500 hPa) geopotential height (contour lines, contour interval 5m) and winds (vectors); and c subsurface ocean temperatures (averaged latitudinaly between 5°S and 5°N within the region indicated by dashed lines in panels a and b associated with archetype #1. d The affiliation time series (solid black) together with the multivariate El-Niño index (MEI, grey) and the Marshall Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index (blue). Periods of marine heatwaves are indicated by red shading. e The lagged cross-correlation between the affiliation time series and the MEI (grey) and the Marshall SAM index (blue). Negative lags correspond to the MEI/SAM index leading the affiliation. Maps created with Cartopy⁷¹.