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. 2022 Dec 21;13:7843. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35493-x

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Fig. 9 — a Sea-surface temperature (SST) anomaly; b surface air temperature (colours) with anomalous mid-tropospheric (500 hPa) geopotential height (contour lines, contour interval 5m) and winds (vectors); and c subsurface ocean temperatures (averaged latitudinaly between 5°S and 5°N within the region indicated by dashed lines in panels a and b), associated with archetype #3; d The affiliation time-series (solid black) together with the multivariate El-Niño index (MEI, grey), and the Pacific South America (PSA) pattern index (blue). Periods of marine heatwaves are indicated by red shading. e The lagged cross-correlation between the affiliation time series and the MEI (grey) and the El-Niño Modoki Index (EMI) index (blue). Negative lags correspond to the MEI/EMI index leading the affiliation. Maps created with Cartopy⁷¹.