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. 2022 Dec 21;13:7848. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34197-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Bright field image of a phase-contrast calibration sample. b Phase contrast image of the calibration sample recorded with Zernike’s method. c, d. c Simulated, and d. experimental phase contrast images taken with the NLM. e Line profiles of the bars in group 7 of the calibration sample (indicated by the red line in panel a) allow for a quantitative comparison of the different imaging approaches. From top to bottom, the profiles are extracted from panels a, b, c, and d, respectively. C represents the contrast values. All images are measured on a polymer USAF target (n = 1.5) that has 200 nm thickness.