Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Study setting (country) | Screening Tool | Method of Delivery | Screening Personnel | Language of Tool | Reference Standard | Target Population | Target Condition | Sample size, gender, mean age | Country of origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmad et al. (2000) (Ahmad et al., 2000) | Sweden | Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Children (PTSS-C) | Semi-structured interview | Interviewers experienced working with children and trained in PTSS-C | English | Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA), DSM-IV adjusted | Children | PTSD | n=66; gender not reported; mean age=12 | Kurdistan |
| Barbieri et al. (2019) (Barbieri et al., 2019) | Italy | ICD-11 PTSD criteria | Self-report via interview | Cultural mediator; physician; psychologist | Arabic, English, French | PTSD Checklist for DSM-V (PCL-05) | Adults | PTSD, CPTSD | n=120; female=17, male=103; mean age=25.1 | 19 African countries |
| Bjärtå et al. (2018) (Bjarta et al., 2018) | Sweden | Refugee Health Screener 13 (RHS-13) | Self-report (paper or online questionnaire) | Bilingual staff provided technical assistance | English, Swedish, Arabic, Dari, Farsi, Somali, Tigrinya | PC-PTSD-4, DSM-IV | Adults | PTSD, anxiety, depression | n=520; female=136, male=367; mean age=not reported | Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Eritrea, Somalia |
| Blackmore et al., (2022) (Blackmore et al., 2022) | Australia | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) | Self-report questionnaire (assisted) | Interpreters | English | Structured clinical interview, DSM-V (research version) | Adults | PTSD | n=52; female=52; male=0; mean age=27.6 | Afghanistan |
| Brink et al. (2016) (Brink et al., 2016) | USA | Karen Mental Health Screener | Self-report questionnaire | Physician with mental health training and interpreter | English, Karen | Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-4-CV), DSM-IV | Adults | PTSD, depression | n=177; female=126, male=54 (as per original sample of 180); mean age=38.1 | Burma |
| Dao et al. (2012) (Dao et al., 2012) | USA | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Interview for Vietnamese Refugees (PTSD‐IVR) | Interview | Clinician fluent in Vietnamese | Vietnamese | LEAD procedure for diagnostic interview, DSM-IV-TR | Adults | PTSD | n=127; female=103, male=24; mean age=46.2 | Vietnam |
| de Fouchier et al. (2012) (de Fouchier et al., 2012) | France | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) | Self-report questionnaire | N/A | French | Structured Clinical Interview (SCID), DSM-IV-TR | Adults | PTSD | n=52; female=23, male=29; mean age=36.6 | DRC, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Guinea, Rwanda, Mali |
| Eytan et al. (2007) (Eytan et al., 2007) | Switzerland | Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), MDE and PTSD sections | Interview | Nurses and interpreters | French, English | Diagnostic interview with cultural adaptation, DSM-IV | Adults | PTSD, major depression | n=101; female=26, male=75; mean age=30 | 33 countries, mostly African and Central and Eastern European |
| Hall et al. (2014) (Hall et al., 2014) | Ethiopia | Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale Interview format (CPSS-I) | Interview (parent and children pairs) | Native Somali speakers with 3-day training in structured interview techniques | Somali | Author-developed “community diagnosis” procedure | Children | PTSD | n=159 (child/caregiver pairs); child: female =92, male= 67; mean age= 11; caregiver: female=140; male=19; mean age=39.2 | Somalia |
| Heeke et al. (2020) (Heeke et al., 2020) | Germany | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) | Self-report questionnaire | Psychologists and interpreters | Farsi, Arabic, Turkish, Russian | 6-item subset of ICD-11 | Adults | PTSD, anxiety, depression | n=167; female=42, male=125; mean age=34.2 | Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkey |
| Hocking et al. (2018) (Hocking et al., 2018) | Australia | STAR-MH | Interview | Non-mental health workers and interpreters | English | Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), DSM-IV/ICD-10 | Adults | PTSD, major depressive disorder | n=185; female=56, male=129; mean age=33 | 36 countries (countries not specified) |
| Hollifield et al. (2016) (Hollifield et al., 2016) | USA | Refugee Health Screener 15 (RHS-15) | Self-report via interview | Nurse | Nepali, Karen, Burmese, Arabic | Posttraumatic Symptom Scale Self Report (PSS-SR), DSM-IV | Adolescents and adults | PTSD, anxiety, depression | n=179; female=86, male=93; mean age=32.4 | Burma, Bhutan, Iraq |
| Ibrahim et al. (2018) (Ibrahim et al., 2018) | Kurdistan | Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) | Self-report via interview | Interpreters trained to administer the tool | Kurdish, Arabic | Culturally informed clinical interview, DSM-V | Adults | PTSD, depression | n=98; female=49, male=49; mean age=32.9 | Iraq, Syria |
| Jakobsen et al. (2011) (Jakobsen et al., 2011) | Norway | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), 16-tem | Self-report questionnaire | Interpreter | Arabic, Dari, Farsi, Bosnian, Somali | Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) | Adults | PTSD, anxiety, depression | n=64; female=30, male=34; mean age=33 | Africa, Europe (Balkans), Asia (Somalia only country specified) |
| Jakobsen et al. (2017) (Jakobsen et al., 2017) | Norway | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), 16-item | Self-report questionnaire (on laptop) | Interpreter | Translated versions used but language not specified | Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) | Adolescents | PTSD, anxiety, depression | n=160; female=0, male=160; mean age=16.2 | Majority from Afghanistan and Somalia (other countries not specified) |
| Kaltenbach et al. (2017) (Kaltenbach et al., 2017) | Germany | Refugee Health Screener 13 and 15 (RHS-13; RHS-15) | Self-report questionnaire | Clinical psychologists and interpreters | Albanian, Kurdish, Serbian | Semi-structured clinical interview using Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5 (PCL-5) | Adults | PTSD, anxiety, depression | n=56; gender and mean age not reported for analysis sample; [For total sample of n=86: female=31, male=55; mean age=28.8] | Syria, Afghanistan, Albania, Kosovo, Serbia, Iraq, Macedonia, Somalia, Georgia |
| Lhewa et al. (2007) (Lhewa et al., 2007) | USA | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) | Self-report questionnaire (assisted) | Tibetan research assistant | English, Tibetan | Diagnostic interview, DSM-IV | Adults | PTSD, anxiety, depression | n=57; female=12, male=45; mean age=34 | Tibet |
| Lillee et al. (2015) (Lillee et al., 2015) | Australia | Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) | Interview | Physicians and interpreters | English | PTSD treatment screener, administered by physician | Adults | PTSD | n=300; female=154, male=146; mean age=34 | 18 African and Asian countries |
| Mewes et al. (2016) (Mewes et al., 2016) | Germany | PROTECT Questionnaire (PQ) | Self-report questionnaire (on laptop, assisted) | Interpreters | Farsi, Arabic, Kurdish, English | Structured Clinical Interview (SCID), DSM-IV/DSM-V | Adults | PTSD, depression | n=91; female=28, male=63; mean age not reported for analysis sample [For total sample of 141, mean age=31.9] | Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, African countries (not specified) |
| Mollica et al. (1992) (Mollica et al., 1992) | USA | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) | Self-report questionnaire | N/A | Khmer, Lao, Vietnamese | Semi-structured clinical interview, DSM-III-R | Adults | PTSD, depression | n=91; female=57, male=34; mean age=43.5 | Cambodia, Lao, Vietnam |
| Morina et al. (2013) (Morina et al., 2017) | Germany, Italy, UK | Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) | Self-report questionnaire | N/A | Translated versions used but language not specified | Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), DSM-IV/ICD-10 | Adults | PTSD | n=796; female=406, male=390; mean age not reported for analysis sample [For total sample of 854, mean age=41.6] | Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Serbia |
| Nehring et al., 2021 (Nehring et al., 2021) | Germany | Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL-PTSD) | Self-report questionnaire | Bilingual physicians and interpreters | German | Children ≥ 6: Structured interview (Kinder-DIPS), DSM-IV; Children < 6: Semi-structured interview (PTSDSSI) of main caregiver | Children | PTSD | n=61; female=25, male=36; mean age=8.9 | Syria |
| Renner et al. (2006) (Renner et al., 2006) | Austria | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) | Self-report questionnaire (assisted) | Researchers and Interpreters | German, English, Russian, Farsi | Interviews recorded and transcribed, then focus group of research team members diagnose participants as “traumatized” or “not traumatized” | Adults | PTSD | n=150; female=40, male=110; mean age=32.4 (Chechnyan),32.5 (Afghani), 27.5 (West African) | Chechnya, Afghanistan, Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone |
| HTQ: 16 Item | Self-report questionnaire (assisted) | |||||||||
| HTQ: Cultural | Self-report questionnaire (assisted) | |||||||||
| Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) | Self-report questionnaire (assisted) | |||||||||
| Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-1) | Interview | |||||||||
| Sack et al. (2008) (Sack et al., 1998) | USA | Impact of Event Scale (IES) | Self-report questionnaire (assisted) | Masters-level clinician and interpreter | English | Diagnostic interview using PTSD section of the Diagnostic Instrument for Children and Adolescents (DICA), DSM-III-R | Adolescents and Adults | PTSD | n=180; female=86, male=94; mean age=20.1 | Cambodia |
| Smith Fawzi et al. (1997) (Smith Fawzi et al., 1997) | USA | Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) | Self-report questionnaire | N/A | Vietnamese | Structured Clinical Interview (SCID), DSM-III-R | Adults | PTSD | N=51; gender and mean age not reported for analysis sample [For total sample of n=62; gender not reported; mean age=51] | Vietnam |
| Söndergaard et al. (2003) (Sondergaard et al., 2003) | Sweden | Health Leaflet (HL) | Interview | Social worker | Not reported | Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) | Adults | PTSD | n=75; gender not reported; mean age not reported | Iraq |
| Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) | Self-report questionnaire | |||||||||
| Impact of Event Scale (IES-R) | Self-report questionnaire | |||||||||
| Turner et al. (2003) (Turner et al., 2003) | UK | Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) | Self-report questionnaire (assisted) | N/A | Albanian | Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), DSM-IV | Adults | PTSD, depression | n=120; female=64, male=56; mean age=37.1 | Albania |
| Wulfes et al. (2019) (Wulfes et al., 2019) | Germany | PROTECT Questionnaire (PQ) | Self-report questionnaire via interview | Psychotherapists; masters students; psychotherapy trainees | German, Arabic, Persian, Kurdish, Turkish | Structured Clinical Interview (SCID), DSM-IV | Adults | PTSD, Major Depressive Episode (MDE) | n=118; female=42, male=76; mean age=32.9 | Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, Sudan |
| Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS-8) | Self-report questionnaire via interview |