TABLE 2.

Different antidepressant therapeutic approaches and their biological targets.

Intervention strategies	Drugs/strains	Biological targets	Effect on gut microbiota	References
Antidepressants	(R)-ketamine	NMDA receptor	Recovery of Bacteroidales, Clostridiales, and Ruminococcaceae levels.	Qu et al., 2017; Hua et al., 2022
	NMDEA	Inflammasome signaling pathway	Recovery of the richness and the dysbiosis among bacterial species.	An et al., 2020
	Rifaximin	Microglia	↑Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae	Li et al., 2021
Chinese materia medica	Jia Wei Xiao Yao San	Purine metabolism	↑Lactobacillus animalis	Ji et al., 2022
	Shihosogansan	NF-κB pathway	↓Desulfovibrionaceae and γ-Proteobacteria; ↑Lactobacillaceae and Prevotellaceae	Han et al., 2021
	Schisandra chinensis ameliorates	TLR4/NF-κB/IKKα	Alterations of the relative proportions of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phylum members	Yan et al., 2021
	Yang-Xin-Jie-Yu decoction	TCA cycle and propanoate metabolism	↑Monoglobus	Liang et al., 2022
	Xiaoyaosan	IL-6/MAPK1/STAT3/JUN	↑Firmicutes; ↓Actinobacteria	Liu et al., 2021c; Lv et al., 2021
	Kai-Xin-San	NGF, BDNF, and Trk receptor	↑Allobaculum, Bifidobacterium, and Turicibacter	Zhu et al., 2017; Cao et al., 2020
Dietary	Flavonoid-Rich Orange Juice	BDNF	↑Lachnospiraceae family	Park et al., 2020
	Okra (polysaccharide)	TLR4/NF-κB/MAPKs	↑Firmicutes; ↓Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria	Yan et al., 2020
	Almond	GPR43	Stimulating the growth of SCFAs-producing bacteria	Ren et al., 2020
Probiotics	Lactobacillus reuteri	IDO1	Restoring the Lactobacillus population	Marin et al., 2017
	Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 and Bifidobacterium longum BORI	BDNF	The relative abundances of Eubacterium, Allisonella, Clostridiales, and Prevotellaceae gradually changed.	Kim et al., 2021

NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid; NMDEA, N-(2-(7-methoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)ethyl)acetamide hydrochloride; GABA, aminobutyric acid; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; IKKα, fwd 5′-ACCGTGAACATCCTCTG-3′, rev 5′-CTGCTCTGGTCCTCATT-3′; TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle; IL-6,interleukin-6; MAPK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; JUN, transcription factor AP-1; NGF, nerve growth factor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Trk, tyrosine kinase; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; GPR43, G protein-coupled receptor43; IDO1, indoleamine2,3-dioxygenase1; oleamine2,3 G pr↓, downregulated.