Table 1.
Sample characteristics in 2012–2013 by mortality status at the end of the follow-up (February 2021) in the Whitehall II accelerometer sub-study.
| All-cause mortality |
p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No (N = 3581) | Yes (N = 410) | ||
| Socio-demographic factors | |||
| Age (years), M (SD) | 68.9 (5.5) | 73.8 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| Women | 938 (26.2%) | 92 (22.4%) | 0.10 |
| Non-white ethnicity | 259 (7.2%) | 36 (8.8%) | 0.26 |
| Education | |||
| No academic qualifications | 321 (9.0%) | 49 (12.0%) | <0.001 |
| Lower secondary school | 1128 (31.5%) | 144 (35.1%) | |
| Higher secondary school | 984 (27.5%) | 127 (31.0%) | |
| University | 843 (23.5%) | 72 (17.6%) | |
| Higher degree | 305 (8.5%) | 18 (4.4%) | |
| Not married/cohabitating | 873 (24.4%) | 137 (33.4%) | <0.001 |
| Behavioural factors | |||
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smoker | 1787 (49.9%) | 174 (42.4%) | 0.017 |
| Past smoker | 1599 (44.7%) | 210 (51.2%) | |
| Current smoker | 195 (5.4%) | 26 (6.3%) | |
| Alcohol intake | |||
| 0 unit/week | 702 (19.6%) | 110 (26.8%) | 0.003 |
| 1–14 units/week | 2039 (56.9%) | 215 (52.4%) | |
| >14 units/week | 840 (23.5%) | 85 (20.7%) | |
| Fruit and vegetable intake | |||
| Less than daily | 718 (20.1%) | 108 (26.3%) | 0.001 |
| Daily | 752 (21.0%) | 100 (24.4%) | |
| Twice daily or more | 2111 (59.0%) | 202 (49.3%) | |
| Health-related factors | |||
| Body mass index | |||
| Normal (<25 kg/m2) | 1383 (38.6%) | 165 (40.2%) | 0.80 |
| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 1549 (43.3%) | 171 (41.7%) | |
| Obesity (≥30 kg/m2) | 649 (18.1%) | 74 (18.0%) | |
| Hypertension | 1804 (50.4%) | 262 (63.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1792 (50.0%) | 229 (55.9%) | 0.026 |
| Diabetes | 434 (12.1%) | 80 (19.5%) | <0.001 |
| Number of chronic diseases,a M (SD) | 0.51 (0.72) | 0.84 (0.93) | <0.001 |
| Number of basic ADL,b M (SD) | 0.15 (0.59) | 0.47 (1.13) | <0.001 |
| Number of IADL,c M (SD) | 0.18 (0.58) | 0.40 (0.90) | <0.001 |
Data are N (%), otherwise specified.
Abbreviations: SD: standard deviation; ADL: activities of daily living; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living.
a
Chronic disease include coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, arthritis, cancer, depression, dementia, Parkinson's disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
b
Basic ADL include difficulty in dressing, walking, bathing, eating, getting in bed, and using the toilet.
c
IADL include difficulty in cooking, shopping for groceries, making telephone calls, taking medication, doing housework, and managing money.