TABLE 3.
Protective effects of terpenoids on vascular endothelial cells.
| Monomers | Model | Dose/Concentration | Effects | Related molecular targets | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upregulation | Downregulation | |||||
| Kirenol | benzo[a]pyrene-induced OS in HUVECs | 25 μmol | Attenuating OS; enhancing antioxidant capacity | Nrf2, PI3K, AKT, pPI3K, pAKT, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1 | Bcl2, Bax, caspase-3, 4-HNE, MDA | Rajendran et al. (2021) |
| Tanshinone I | Tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced OS in H9c2; DOX- induced cardiotoxicity in mice; ISO-induced myocardial damage model | 1 μM; 10 mg/kg | Attenuating necroptosis; reducing OS | Akt, Nrf2, NQO-1, HO-1 | p-RIP1, p-RIP3, p-MLKL, ROS, MDA, IL-6, TNF-α | Jiang et al. (2022); Wu et al. (2021); Zhuo et al. (2021) |
| Dihydrotanshinone-I | LAD-induced MI in C57BL/6 mice; H/R induced injure in HL-1 cells | 5 mg/kg; 0.1, 1, 5 μmol/L | Reducing myocardial infarct size; maintaining redox homeostasis | Nrf2, NQO-1, HO-1, PKB, GSK-3β | PKC-δ, Fyn | Zeng et al. (2021) |
| Andrographolide | LAD-induced MI in C57/BL6; hypoxia-induced OS in H9c2; STZ-induced diabetic mice | 25 mg/kg; 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 µM | Inhibiting inflammation cardiac fibrosis; remodeling after infarction; enhancing antioxidant stress capacity | Nrf2, HO-1 SOD2; HIF1α | TGFβ, smad3, IκBα, P65, Gp91, Keap-1 | Liang et al. (2018); Xie et al. (2020) |
| Ruscogenin | LAD-induced MI in mice; hypoxia-induced OS in H9c2 | 0.375, 0.75, 1.5 mg/kg; 0.1, 1, 10 μM | Decreasing infarct size; ameliorating biochemical indicators; inhibiting ferroptosis | GPX4, Nrf2, HO-1, BCAT1, BCAT2 | Keap1, ACSL4, FTL | Fu et al. (2022) |
| Nootkatone | ISO-induced MI in Wistar rats | 10 mg/kg | Restoring cardiac function and reducing OS; inhibiting inflammation; reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis | PI3K/Akt GSH NrF2/Keap1/HO-1 | TLR4-NFκB/MAPK | Meeran et al. (2021) |
| Astragaloside IV | AB-induced MI in rats; Ang II-induced injure in H9c2; ox-LDL- induced OS in HUVECs; LAD-induced MI in SD rats | 40, 80 mg·/kg; 25, 50, or 100 μM; 10, 20, 50 μM | Attenuating cardiac hypertrophy; improving left ventricular function and structure; reducing OS | Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1, SOD-2, Txn-1 | NPA, TNF-α, IL-6, ROS | Jiang et al. (2019); Nie et al. (2019); Sui et al. (2020); Zhu et al. (2019) |