TABLE 4.

Protective effects of alkaloids on vascular endothelial cells.

Monomer	Model	Dose/Concentration	Effects	Related molecular targets		References
				Upregulation	Downregulation
Sulforaphane	Ang II-induced HUVEC injury or cardiomyopathy in mice	2 μM; 0.5 mg/kg	Attenuating OS and cell death	Nrf2, SOD, CAT, GSH, NQO1	ROS	Xin et al. (2018); Zhang et al. (2020)
	TGF-β1-induced rat cardiac fibroblasts	0, 10, 20 μM		HMOX 1, SOD1, Nrf2	MMP9	Fix et al. (2019)
	DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in H9c2 cells	10 μM	Reducing ROS levels attenuating OS	Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1, ARE	ROS	Li et al. (2015)
	HFD/STZ-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice	0.5 mg/kg	Improving cardiac dysfunction, OS, inflammation, fibrosis, and hypertrophy	Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1 GSH, CAT	IL-6	Gu et al. (2017); Sun et al. (2020); Wang et al. (2022)
	Intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiomyopathy in mice	0.5 mg/kg	Increasing antioxidant capacity	Nrf2, SOD2, NQO1, MT		Zhou et al. (2018)
	21- to 22-month-old mice; vascular tissues from 20-month-old SD rats	442.5 mg/kg; 10 μM	Restoring mitochondrial function, cardiac function, exercise capacity, glucose tolerance	Nrf2, CAT, SOD1, SOD2, HO-1		Angulo et al. (2019); Bose et al. (2020)
Berbamine Songorine	LAD and reperfusion induced MIRI in C57/BL6 mice	10 mg/kg	Reducing myocardial infarct size; inhibiting OS; apoptosis; alleviating MIRI and the mitochondrial state	AMPK, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1 SOD	LDH, ROS, MDA	Xu et al. (2022)
	LPS-induced sepsis in C57BL/6 mice	50 mg/kg	Improving cardiac function; inhibiting OS	Nrf2, ARE, NRF1, PGC-1α, SOD2, TFAM	ROS	Li et al. (2021)
Sinomenine	Ang II-induced injure in H9C2, or ISO-induced MI in mice	50, 100 μM; 80 mg/kg	Relieving OS; reducing apoptosis	Nrf2, ARE, HO-1	ROS, MDA, Caspase-3, Bax	Yuan et al. (2021)