TABLE 5.

Protective effects of glucosides on vascular endothelial cells.

Monomer	Model	Dose/Concentration	Effects	Related molecular targets		References
				Upregulation	Downregulation
Sweroside	Langendorff- induced MI in Wistar rats; H/R-induced OS in H9c2	25, 50, 100 mg/kg; 50 µM	Reducing infarct size; improving cardiac function; partially inhibiting OS and pyroptosis	Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1	Keap1 NLPR3, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β	Li et al. (2021)
Pubescenoside A	LAD-induced MI in rats; LPS plus ATP-induced injure in RAW264.7 cells; OGD/R-induced injure in H9c2 and primary cardiomyocyte cells	30 mg/kg; 10, 30 μM	Reducing infarct size; restoring cardiac function and decreasing inflammation and OS	Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1	Keap1, NLPR3, cleaved-caspase1, IL-1β, ACS, Caspase1	Cheng et al. (2021)