Table 2.

Associations of major depressive disorder with different domains of cognitive functioning

	Memory score		Information processing speed score		Executive functioning & attention score		Cognitive impairment (yes/no)
Model	Mean difference (95% CI)	p value	Mean difference (95% CI)	p value	Mean difference (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value
Model 1	−0.15 (−0.30;0.01)	0.061	−0.27 (−0.40;−0.15)	<0.001	−0.23 (−0.36;−0.11)	<0.001	1.83 (1.24;2.70)	0.002
Model 2	−0.08 (−0.21;0.06)	0.257	−0.22 (−0.33;−0.12)	<0.001	−0.18 (−0.29;−0.06)	0.002	1.89 (1.28;2.79)	0.001
Model 3	−0.06 (−0.19;0.07)	0.373	−0.21 (−0.31;−0.10)	<0.001	−0.17 (−0.28;−0.05)	0.005	1.79 (1.21;2.66)	0.004
Model 4	−0.05 (−0.18;0.08)	0.447	−0.20 (−0.30;−0.10)	<0.001	−0.16 (−0.27;−0.04)	0.008	1.74 (1.17;2.59)	0.007
Model 5	−0.02 (−0.15;0.11)	0.735	−0.18 (−0.28;−0.08)	0.001	−0.13 (−0.25;−0.02)	0.026	1.60 (1.06;2.40)	0.024

n = 4734. Major depressive disorder cases n = 151. Regression results are presented as mean difference or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). CI indicates confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Model 1: crude.

Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, and educational level.

Model 3: additionally adjusted for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Model 4: additionally adjusted for waist circumference, office systolic blood pressure, hypertensive medication, total/high-density cholesterol ratio, lipid-modifying medication, and history of cardiovascular disease (n = 4701).

Model 5: additionally adjusted for smoking behavior and alcohol use (n = 4698).