Table 3.
Associations of major depressive disorder with markers of brain atrophy and cerebral small vessel disease
| CSF volume (per 1 s.d.) | WM volume (per 1 s.d.) | GM volume (per 1 s.d.) | WMH volume (per 1 s.d.) | DWMH volume (per 1 s.d.) | PWMH volume (per 1 s.d.) | CSVD (yes/no) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Model 1 | −0.01 (−0.14;0.12) | 0.01 (−0.07;0.09) | −0.01 (−0.09;0.08) | 0.11 (−0.05;0.27) | 0.06 (−0.10;0.22) | 0.13(−0.04;0.29) | 1.13(0.80;1.59) |
| Model 2 | 0.02 (−0.08;0.12) | 0.00 (−0.08;0.07) | −0.01 (−0.09;0.06) | 0.16 (0.02;0.30) | 0.11 (−0.03;0.26) | 0.18(0.04;0.32) | 1.27(0.88;1.83) |
| Model 3 | −0.01 (−0.11;0.10) | 0.01 (−0.07;0.08) | 0.00 (−0.07;0.07) | 0.14 (−0.00;0.28) | 0.09 (−0.06;0.23) | 0.15(0.01;0.29) | 1.24(0.86;1.79) |
| Model 4 | −0.01 (−0.11;0.09) | 0.00 (−0.07;0.08) | 0.00 (−0.07;0.08) | 0.12 (−0.02;0.26) | 0.08 (−0.07;0.22) | 0.14(0.00;0.28) | 1.22(0.84;1.76) |
| Model 5 | −0.01 (−0.11;0.09) | −0.02 (−0.14;0.10) | 0.01 (−0.07;0.08) | 0.12 (−0.02;0.26) | 0.07 (−0.08;0.21) | 0.13(−0.01;0.27) | 1.23(0.85;1.79) |
n = 4734. Major depressive disorder cases n = 151. Regression results are presented as mean difference or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). CSF indicates cerebrospinal fluid; WM, white matter; GM, gray matter; s.d., standard deviation; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; DWMH, deep cortical white matter hyperintensities; PWMH, periventricular white matter hyperintensities; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease.
Model 1: adjusted for intracranial volume (except CSVD composite score) and MRI lag time.
Model 2: additionally adjusted for age, sex, and educational level.
Model 3: additionally adjusted for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Model 4: additionally adjusted for waist circumference, office systolic blood pressure, hypertensive medication, total/high-density cholesterol ratio, lipid-modifying medication, and history of cardiovascular disease (n = 4701).
Model 5: additionally adjusted for smoking behavior and alcohol use (n = 4698).