| spreading dogbane (Apocynum venetum) |
volatile oils (fatty acids,
aldehydes, ketones, esters, alkanes, and phenols) |
detoxifying nicotine when
used with tobacco |
no severe side effects |
(13, 34) |
| |
|
sedative effect |
|
|
| mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris) |
mono/sesquiterpenes (eucalyptol,
camphor, linalool, thujone, 4-terpineol, borneol, α-cadinol, spathulenol) |
smoke reduces heart rate
and stress and improves the autonomic nervous system |
allergic for the respiratory
system and skin, causing dermatitis |
(13, 48, 49, 71−74) |
| |
|
decreases pain and depression
and improves ego integrity |
|
|
| Tu-chung
(Eucommia
ulmoides) |
volatile oils (aldehydes,
furans, alkenes, alkanes, ketones, aromatic compounds, ethers, and
esters) |
aroma induces
hypnotic effect;
leaf extract inhalation improves sleeping and prevents insomnia progression |
no signs of toxicity, mutagenicity,
or immunotoxicity |
(75, 76) |
| clove (Syzygium
aromaticum) |
eugenol |
reduces
noxious elements
of smoking; smoking cloves relieves asthmatic symptoms |
hemoptysis, bronchospasm,
hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic pulmonary edema, pleural effusion,
respiratory insufficiency, respiratory infection, and aspiration |
(61, 62, 77−79) |
| Devil’s
Trumpet (Datura stramonium) |
alkaloids (hyoscyamine and
atropine) |
calming
effect in schizoid
patients |
anticholinergic
syndrome
including dry skin, flushing, blurred vision, altered mental status,
tachycardia, urinary retention, seizures, coma, and respiratory failure |
(67, 80, 81) |
| |
|
powerful mind-altering drug |
|
|
| lavender
(Lavandula
angustifolia) |
volatile oils (linalyl acetate,
β-linalool, and β-caryophyllene) |
antianxiety, relaxing, and
mood-control effects |
some adverse effects occurred
with patients receiving lavender aromatherapy |
(55, 82, 83) |
| |
|
decreases blood
pressure,
heart rate, and skin temperature |
|
|
| |
|
aromatherapy using lavender
oil proved successfulness and safety in many cases, especially in
reducing pain |
|
|
| samiana (Turnera
diffusa) |
sesquiterpenes, copaene, 1,8-cineol, γ-muurolene, oplopenone, cubebol,
cubenol, δ-cadinene, nerolidol,
thymol, germacrene d-4-ol,
caryophyllene oxide, ledol, anethole, β-eudesmol, and juniper camphor |
CNS psychoactive and aphrodisiac |
long-term use can lead to
inflammations of the liver and tetaniform convulsions |
(39−41) |
| mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) |
volatile oils obtained from
the dried flowering aerial parts (6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone and (E)-phytol) |
assists in asthma, coughs,
bronchitis, and whooping cough |
studies proved that phytol
is not considered a significant contributor to the PAHs formation
in cigarette smoke |
(43, 84, 85) |
| |
|
burning its dried leaves
and inhaling its smoke can help with asthma attacks |
|
|
| coltsfoot (Tussilago
farfara) |
sesquiterpene (tussilagone) |
potent respiratory and cardiac
stimulant, inhaling the steam from the leaves and flowers soothes
bronchitis and helps in shortness of breath |
deep vein thrombosis is
possibly associated with the use of coltsfoot together with symptomatic
pulmonary embolism |
(45, 86, 87) |
