Table 1.
List of indicators selected to test on-field reliability and feasibility, and sentinels assigned according to their availability, area of daily performance and experience.
| Sentinels assigned to the on-field feasibility and reliability test of each indicator | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| External | Zoo staff (departments) | ||||||
| Researchers | V | N | Bi | Be | AC | AWMP | |
| Nutrition domain | |||||||
| Body condition score (ABM) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Food intake (ABM) | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Food availability (RBM) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Nutritional quality and safety of food (RBM) | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes |
| Macroscopic condition of food (RBM) | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes |
| Food presentation (RBM) | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Water intake (ABM) | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Availability of water (RBM) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Macroscopic quality of water (RBM) | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Presentation of water (RBM) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Environment domain | |||||||
| Substrate (RBM) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Temperature/humidity/ventilation (RBM) | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Lighting (RBM) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Enclosure maintenance (RBM) | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Enclosure hygiene (RBM) | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Enclosure dimensions (RBM) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Environmental complexity (RBM) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Surrounding enclosures (RBM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Shelter availability (RBM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Public (RBM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Group composition (RBM) | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Environmental choice and control opportunities (RBM) | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Management choice and control opportunities (MBM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Environmental enrichment (MBM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Training procedures (MBM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Health domain | |||||||
| Defecation behavior (ABM) | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Stool score (ABM) | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Micturition behavior (ABM) | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Urine appearence (ABM) | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Coat/feathers/tegument (ABM) | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Lesions/injuries (ABM) | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Hooves/claws/teeth (ABM) | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Locomotion (ABM) | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Sleep/wakefulness (ABM) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Signs of illness (ABM) | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Behavior and affective states domain | |||||||
| Reaction to strangers (ABM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Interaction with zookeepers (ABM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Exploration (ABM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Social, affiliative and maternal-filial behavior (ABM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Reproductive behavior (ABM) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Agonistic behavior (ABM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Use of environmental enrichment (ABM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Stereotypic behavior (ABM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Behavioral diversity (ABM) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Space use (ABM) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
V, Veterinary; N, Nutrition; Bi, Biology; Be, Behavior; AC, Animal Care; AWMP, Animal Welfare Management and Planning; ABM, Animal-based measurement; RBM, Resources-based measurement; MBM, Management-based measurements.