Table 5.

Summary of Results of Included Studies Examining Coagulation (k = 5).

Author	Follow-up duration	Depression variable(s)	Coagulation variable(s)	Covariates	Results
Randomized controlled trial
Gupta [51]	24 weeks	Intervention (internet cognitive-behavioral therapy) vs. usual care	12 week change in D-dimer 24 week change in D-dimer 12 week change in fibrinogen 24 week change in fibrinogen	None.	No difference in mean change in D-dimer or fibrinogen at 12 (p = .933 and p NR, respectively) or 24 weeks (p = .749 and p NR, respectively).
Cross-sectional
Rivera-Rivera [74]	N/A	PHQ-9 ≥ 10	Platelet count	None	Depressed group had significantly lower levels of platelets than non-depressed group (p = .048).
Saylor [76]	N/A	CES-D ≥ 16	D-dimer	None.	No group differences in D-dimer between those with and without depression (p NR).
Stewart [64]	N/A	PHQ-9 total depressive symptoms PHQ-9 somatic depressive symptoms PHQ-9 cognitive/affective depressive symptoms	D-dimer	Age, sex, race/ethnicity, CVD, diabetes, hypertension, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, statin use, hepatitis C, renal function, hemoglobin, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, and cocaine abuse/dependence.	Positive trend between total depressive symptoms and D-dimer (exp(b) = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00–1.11, p = .05–.10) and significant positive association between somatic depressive symptoms and D-dimer (exp(b) = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00–1.11, p < .05). Associations were attenuated and non-significant in models controlling for antidepressant use, CD4 cell count, HIV RNA level, and ART use. No association observed between cognitive/affective symptoms and D-dimer (exp(b) = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.99–1.10, p NR). Results were similar when controlling for antidepressant use, CD4 cell count, HIV RNA level, and ART use.
Zuñiga [77]	N/A	PHQ-9 ≥ 10	D-dimer Fibrinogen von Willebrand factor	None.	Using a machine learning approach (random forest regression), none of the examined coagulation markers exhibited high enough feature importance (42%–71%) in predicting depression (i.e., mean frequency of selection by recursive feature elimination; selection required ≥90%).

BMI body mass index; CEDS-D Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CI confidence interval; CVD cardiovascular disease; exp(b) exponentiated beta regression coefficient; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HIV human immunodeficiency virus; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NR not reported; PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9.