Table 1.
Comparison of the capabilities of plants, mammals, and bacteria the carry out the 13 most common Eukaryotic PTMs, according to Minguez et al. (2012).
| Plants | Mammals | Bacteria | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phosphorylation | Present (Xu et al., 2019) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Present (Garcia-Garcia et al., 2016) |
| N-linked glycosylation | Present (Strasser, 2016) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Present but different and poorly studied (Nothaft and Szymanski, 2013) |
| Acetylation | Present (Boyle et al., 2016) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Present (VanDrisse and Escalante-Semerena, 2019) |
| O-linked glycosylation | Present (Gomord et al., 2010) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Present but different and poorly studied (Nothaft and Szymanski, 2010) |
| Ubiquitination | Present (Miricescu et al., 2018) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Similar machinery to mimic Eukaryotic ubiquitination (Pisano et al., 2018) |
| Methylation | Present (Serre et al., 2018) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Present with differing substrate specificity (Zhang et al., 2017) |
| SUMOylation | Present (Park et al., 2011) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Absent but can be engineered (Iribarren et al., 2015) |
| Hydroxylation | Present (Duruflé et al., 2017) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Present (Szaleniec et al., 2018) |
| γ-Carboxylation | Absent – unique to some animals (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2002) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Absent – unique to some animals (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2002) |
| Palmitoylation (S-acylation) | Present (Zheng et al., 2019) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Absent (Sobocińska et al., 2018) |
| Sulfation | Present (Kaufmann and Sauter, 2019) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Present (Han et al., 2012) |
| Nitrosylation | Present (Feng et al., 2019) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Present (Gusarov and Nudler, 2012) |
| C-linked glycosylation (C-mannosylation) | Absent (Shcherbakova et al., 2017) | Present (Minguez et al., 2012) | Absent (Shcherbakova et al., 2017) |