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. 2022 Dec 22;21(3):629–638. doi: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.11.033

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Ca++–induced thrombin generation in COVID-19. (A) Schematic for conducting thrombin generation assays (TGAs). (B–D) TGA outcomes for controls (n = 30, green) and COVID-19 samples (n = 92, blue) collected in EDTA or citrate and COVID-19 samples collected in EDTA + CTI (n = 16, yellow). Shown are individual data points, and means ± standard error of mean for: (B) TCmax; (C) Cmax; and (D) AUC. (E) Influences of heparin and processing on TGAs. Comparison of one COVID-19 patient’s blood collected in citrate (left panel) vs citrate + CTI (right panel). CTI was added to the citrated–only sample after processing it to plasma. Samples were preincubated for 10 min with buffer (+ buffer; green), anti-TF (+ α-TF; red), heparinase (+ Hpase, blue), or both heparinase I and anti-TF (+ Hpase + α -TF; yellow). Thrombin generation parameters correlation with D-dimer levels, Spearman test (F). Wilcoxon test for (B), (C) and (D); Spearman test for (F); P values are as indicated in Figure 1.