Table 1.
Factors that regulate pyroptosis of plaque cells in atherogenesis and the underlying mechanisms
| Factors | Cell type | Py | Mechanisms/pathways | AS | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ox-LDL | VEC | ↑ | ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-1β↑ | ↑? | Yin et al. (2015) |
| MΦ | ↑ | CD36/ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD↑ | ↑? | Lin et al. (2013) | |
| MΦ | ↑ | IRF-1/ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD↑ | ↑? | Guo et al. (2019) | |
| MΦ | ↑ | NIX/mitophagy/ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1 | ↑? | Peng et al. (2020) | |
| MΦ | ↑ | Nrf2/HO-1/NQO-1/ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1 | ↑? | Qiu et al. (2022) | |
| MΦ | ↑ | p62/Nrf2/HO-1/caspase-1/GSDMD | ↑? | Liu et al. (2021a) | |
| MΦ | ↑ | BRCC36/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD | ↑? | Singh et al. (2019) | |
| MΦ | ↑ | NF-κB/ABCA1/NLRP3/GSDMD | ↑? | Li et al. (2022) | |
| MΦ | ↑ | caspase-11/GSDMD/IL-1β↑ | ↑ | Jiang et al. (2021) | |
| VSMC | ↑ | NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-1β↑ | ↑ | Puylaert et al. (2022) | |
| VSMC | ↑ | NF-κB/AIM2/caspase-1/GSDMD↑ | ↑ | Pan et al. (2018) | |
| SAL | VEC | ↓ | NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-1β↓ | ↓ | Xing et al. (2020) |
| Nicotine | VEC | ↑ | ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-1β↑ | ↑ | Wu et al. (2018) |
| MΦ | ↑ | HDAC6/NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD | ↑ | Xu et al. (2021b) | |
| TMAO | VEC | ↑ | SDHB/ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD↑ | ↑ | Wu et al. (2020) |
| Melatonin | VEC | ↓ | Nrf2/HO-1/NQO-1/ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1 | ↓ | Zhao et al. (2021) |
| VEC | ↓ | MEG3/miR-223/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD | ↓ | Zhang, et al. (2018) | |
| VEC | ↓ | TET2/UQCRC1/NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β | ↓? | Zeng et al. (2021a) | |
| VEC | ↓ | RORα/miR-223/STAT3/caspase-1/GSDMD | ↓? | Yi and Yang (2021) | |
| FGF21 | VEC | ↓ | ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-1β↓ | ↓ | Zeng et al. (2020) |
| Cadmium | VEC | ↑ | ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-1β↑ | ↑? | Oliveira et al. (2019; Chen et al. 2016) |
| Hcy | VEC | ↑ | ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β↑ | ↓? | Ma et al. (2022), Xi et al. 2016) |
| LSS | VEC | ↑ | miR-181-5p/STAT3/NLRP3/caspase-1 | ↑? | Zhang et al. (2020), Xu et al. 2021a) |
| VEC | ↑ | TET2/SDHB/ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1 | ↑? | Zhang et al. (2020), Chen et al. (2021) | |
| Acrolein | VEC | ↑ | ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD↑ | ↑? | Srivastava et al. (2011), Jiang et al. (2018) |
| Estrogen | VEC | ↓ | ERα/autophagy/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD | ↓ | Meng et al. (2021) |
| BDNF | VEC | ↓ | KLF2/HK1/NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β | ↓? | Bi et al. (2020), Jin et al. (2021) |
| miR-30c-5p | VEC | ↓ | FOXO3/NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β↓ | ↓? | Vilahur (2017), Li et al. (2018) |
| Colchicine | VEC | ↓ | AMPK/SIRT1/ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1 | ↓? | Li et al. (2021b), Yang et al. (2020) |
| HDAC11 | VEC | ↓ | ERG/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD | ↓? | Yao et al. (2022) |
| VEC | ↓ | ERG/caspase-3/GSDME | ↓? | Yao et al. (2022) | |
| Sal B | EPC | ↓ |
AMPK/FOXO4/KLF2/NLRP3/caspase-1 Syndecan-4/Rac1/ATF2/NLRP3/caspase-1 |
↓? | Tang et al. (2022) |
| EPC | ↓ | ↓? | Tang et al. (2022) | ||
| ApoM-S1P | VEC | ↓ | S1PR2/PI3K/AKT/NLRP3/caspase-1 | ↓? | Liu and Tie (2019) |
| Oxymatrine | VEC | ↓ | SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1/ROS/NLRP3//caspase-1 | ↓? | Jin, et al. (2021) |
| CC | MΦ | ↑ | cathepsin/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD↑ | ↑? | Duewell et al. (2010), Rajamäki et al. (2010) |
| BMSC-MV | MΦ | ↑ | miR-223/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD | ↑ | Lin et al. (2021) |
| PM2.5 | MΦ | ↑ | NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-1β↑ | ↑ | Du et al. (2018) |
| Pg | MΦ | ↑ | CD36/TLR2/NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β↑ | ↑ | Brown et al. (2015) |
| VSMC | ↑ | PPP1CC/HMGB1/TLR9/AIM2/caspase-1 | ↑? | Liu et al. (2021b) | |
| Sinapic acid | MΦ | ↓ | MALAT1/miR-23c/ELAVL1/NLRP3 | ↓? | Han et al. (2018) |
| dsDNA | MΦ | ↑ | AIM2/caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-1β↑ | ↑ | Paulin et al. (2018) |
| Adiponectin | VSMC | ↓ | miR-133a/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-β | ↓? | Duan et al. (2020) |
Py: pyroptosis; VEC: vascular endothelial cell; MΦ: macrophage; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell; AS: atherosclerosis; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NLRP3: nucleotide‐binding domain, leucine-rich containing family, pyrin domain‐containing 3; CD36: cluster of differentiation 36; IRF-1: interferon regulatory factor 1; NIX: NIP3-like protein X; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2; HO-1: heme oxygenase‑1; NQO-1: NADPH quinone oxido‑reductase‑1; AIM2: absent in melanoma 2; SAL: salidroside; HDAC: histone deacetylase; TMAO: trimethylamine N‐oxide; SDHB: succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B; MEG3: maternally expressed 3; TET2: ten-eleven translocation 2; UQCRC1: ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein 1; RORα: retinoid-related orphan receptor α; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21; Hcy: homocysteine; LSS: low shear stress; Erα: estrogen receptor α; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; KLF2: kruppel-like family of transcription factor 2; HK1: hexokinase 1; FOXO3: forkhead box O3; SIRT1: sirtuin1; ERG: erythroblast transformation specific-related gene; GSDME: gasdermin E; Sal B: salvianolic acid B; EPC: endothelial progenitor cell; ATF2: activating transcription factor-2; apoM-S1P: apolipoprotein M and sphingosine-1-phosphate complex; S1PR2: S1P receptor 2; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; CC: cholesterol crystal; BMSC-MV: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell macrovesicle; Pg: Porphyromonas gingivalis; TLR2: Toll-like receptor 2; PPP1CC: protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit gamma; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; ELAVL1: embryonic lethal abnormal vision-like 1; dsDNA: double‐stranded DNA. ↓: suppress; ↑: promote; ?: probably (not verified)