Table 2.
Association between obstetric and neonatal outcomes and smoking status in pregnant women as well as dose-dependent relationship with quantity of cigarettes
| Pre-eclampsia | Cesarean section | Preterm birth | IUGR | Birthweight < 2500 g | Intrauterine death | |||||||
| Cig./day | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) a | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) a | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) a | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) a |
| Non-smokers | 2.1 | 1 | 25.6 | 1 | 12.0 | 1 | 11.2 | 1 | 11.0 | 1 | 0.92 | 1 |
| Smokers | 1.3 | 0.62 (0.44–0.88) | 27.2 | 1.08 (0.99–1.19) | 14.2 | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) | 19.2 | 1.83 (1.64–2.05) | 16.7 | 1.78 (1.53–2.08) | 0.88 | 0.87 (0.56–1.36) |
| < 10 cig./day | 1.1 | 0.51 (0.29–0.90) | 26.5 | 1.15 (1.00–1.31) | 11.2 | 0.92 (0.77–1.12) | 16.9 | 1.57 (1.34–1.84) | 13.6 | 1.61 (1.28–2.01) | 0.41 | 0.43 (0.17–1.05) |
| ≥ 10 cig./day | 1.5 | 0.71 (0.46–1.09) | 27.7 | 1.15 (0.99–1.33) | 16.6 | 1.35 (1.17–1.57) | 21.0 | 2.06 (1.79–2.36) | 19.1 | 1.93 (1.60–2.33) | 1.26 | 1.21 (0.74–1.99) |
| ≥ 20 cig./day | 1.6 | 0.75 (0.36–1.53) | 28.1 | 1.14 (0.93–1.40)) | 17.6 | 1.43 (1.12–1.81) | 25.9 | 2.76 (2.24–3.41) | 25.3 | 3.42 (2.58–4.53) | 1.8 | 1.98 (1.01–3.89) |
| Neonatal death | Umbilical cord arterial pH < 7.1 | Apgar at 5 min < 7 | Neonatal infection | Hypoglycemia | Cerebral hemorrhage or convulsion | |||||||
| Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) a | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | |
| Non-smokers | 0.8 | 1 | 3.6 | 1 | 4.9 | 1 | 4.1 | 1 | 3.5 | 1 | 0.9 | 1 |
| Smokers | 0.9 | 0.89 (0.56–1.42) | 2.3 | 0.65 (0.50–0.86) | 5.3 | 0.97 (0.81–1.19) | 4.5 | 1.04 (0.85–1.29) | 4.4 | 1.18 (0.96–1.48) | 0.8 | 0.75 (0.47–1.19) |
| < 10 cig./day | 0.6 | 0.73 (0.34–1.60) | 2.5 | 0.70 (0.48–1.02) | 4.8 | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 3.7 | 0.93 (0.68.1.28) | 3.5 | 1.06 (0.76–1.49) | 0.7 | 0.71 (0.35–1.47) |
| ≥ 10 cig./day | 1.1 | 0.99 (0.58–1.71) | 2.2 | 0.62 (0.43–0.88) | 5.7 | 0.95 (0.75–1.22) | 5.1 | 1.13 (0.88–1.46) | 5.0 | 1.27 (0.98–1.66) | 0.9 | 0.77 (0.44–1.36) |
| ≥ 20 cig./day | 1.4 | 1.25 (0.56–2.79) | 1.8 | 0.51 (0.26–0.99) | 6.4 | 1.04 (0.71–1.54) | 6.8 | 1.53 (1.05–2.22) | 5.8 | 1.45 (0.96–2.19) | 0.6 | 0.47 (0.15–1.50) |
| Jaundice | Neonatal anemia | Respiratory diseases c | Gastrointestinal diseases d | Transfers to NICU | Stay in NICU > 7 days | |||||||
| Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | Prevalence % | aOR (95% CI) b | |
| Non-smokers | 4.0 | 1 | 1.6 | 1 | 7.4 | 1 | 0.7 | 1 | 11.8 | 1 | 7.6 | 1 |
| Smokers | 4.5 | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) | 2.0 | 1.12 (0.82–1.54) | 10.1 | 1.32 (1.13–1.56) | 1.3 | 1.63 (1.11–2.42) | 16.5 | 1.44 (1.26–1.63) | 11.9 | 1.64 (1.42–1.90) |
| < 10 cig./day | 3.5 | 0.92 (0.66–1.29) | 1.3 | 0.88 (0.51–1.50) | 8.8 | 1.33 (1.05–1.69) | 1.1 | 1.54 (0.86–2.79) | 13.0 | 1.19 (0.98–1.45) | 7.8 | 1.11 (0.88–1.42) |
| ≥ 10 cig./day | 5.4 | 1.21 (0.94–1.56) | 2.5 | 1.28 (0.89–1.85) | 11.1 | 1.32 (1.08–1.61) | 1.5 | 1.69 (1.06–2.71) | 19.3 | 1.63 (1.39–1.91) | 15.2 | 2.07 (1.73–2.46) |
| ≥ 20 cig./day | 5.8 | 1.26 (0.83–1.90) | 2.8 | 1.36 (0.76–2.44) | 11.8 | 1.35 (0.98–1.88) | 0.8 | 0.84 (0.30–2.35) | 23.9 | 2.22 (1.74–2.83) | 20.2 | 3.04 (2.34–3.96) |
IUGR Intrauterine growth retardation, NICU Neonatal intensive care unit
a Adjusted odds ratios for maternal age, origin, marital status, parity, previous pregnancy loss, education, professional status, psychosocial difficulties and health insurance, 95% confidence interval
b Adjusted odds ratios for maternal age, origin, marital status, parity, previous pregnancy loss, education, professional status, psychosocial difficulties, health insurance and gestational age, 95% confidence interval
c Respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary infection, pneumothorax, apnea, hyaline membrane disease
d Feeding difficulties, occlusive syndrome, digestive haemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, diarrhea, vomiting