Table 3.
Results of Tobit multivariate regression by levels of the ecological model
| Variable | EQ-VAS | EQ-5D-index | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coeff | 95% CI | Coeff | 95% CI | |||
| Micro level variables | ||||||
| Age | − 0.02 | − 0.08 | 0.03 | − 0.0006* | − 0.001 | 0.0001 |
|
Gender (Ref: Male) |
− 1.2* | − 1.8 | − 0.6 | − 0.02* | − 0.025 | − 0.015 |
|
Education (Ref: Tertiary) |
||||||
| Secondary | 0.2 | − 0.4 | 0.9 | − 0.009 | − 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Primary or none | − 1.2* | − 0.2 | − 2.1 | − 0.01* | − 0.002 | − 0.018 |
| Other | 0.7 | − 0.7 | 2.2 | − 0.001 | − 0.001 | 0.026 |
| Individual Income | − 0.008 | − 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0065* | 0.006 | 0.007 |
|
Living situation (Ref: Living alone) |
0.05 | − 0.25 | 1.3 | 0.001 | − 0.007 | 0.005 |
|
Vision problems (Ref: No) |
− 4.6* | − 5.7 | − 3.5 | − 0.04* | − 0.05 | − 0.03 |
|
Hearing problems (Ref: No) |
− 3.0* | − 3.9 | − 2.2 | − 0.02* | − 0.02 | − 0.01 |
|
Memory problems (Ref: No) |
− 3.3* | − 4.0 | − 2.5 | − 0.02* | − 0.03 | − 0.01 |
|
Unintentional weight loss (Ref: No) |
− 7.9* | − 9.4 | − 6.5 | − 0.05* | − 0.06 | − 0.04 |
|
Polypharmacy (Ref: No) |
− 8.7* | − 9.3 | − 8.1 | − 0.05* | − 0.06 | − 0.04 |
|
Feel empty (Ref: Do not feel empty) |
− 4.6* | − 5.4 | − 3.8 | − 0.05* | − 0.057 | − 0.044 |
|
Missing company of others (Ref: Do not miss company of others) |
− 1.4* | − 2.1 | − 0.8 | − 0.010* | − 0.015 | − 0.004 |
|
Feel abandoned (Ref: Do not feel abandoned) |
− 2.9* | − 3.9 | − 1.8 | − 0.049* | − 0.057 | − 0.040 |
|
Physical activity (Ref: Per WHO recommendations) |
0.2 | − 0.5 | 0.9 | − 0.013 | − 0.007 | 0.004 |
|
Alcohol intake (Ref: ≤ 2 alcoholic drinks/days) |
0.5 | − 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.003 | − 0.006 | 0.012 |
|
Smoking (Ref: No) |
0.2 | − 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.007 | − 0.001 | 0.017 |
| Meso level factors | ||||||
|
Receive support from others (Ref: Support not needed) |
0.02 | − 0.4 | 0.9 | − 0.0008 | − 0.006 | 0.005 |
|
Receive support from organizations (Ref: No) |
− 0.002 | − 0.6 | 0.6 | − 0.004 | − 0.009 | 0.0007 |
|
Availability of social support (Ref: Very high to high) |
1.4* | 0.6 | 2.1 | 0.034* | 0.027 | 0.04 |
|
Social activities (Ref: Active in more than one activity) |
||||||
| Active in one activity | − 2.5* | − 3.1 | − 1.9 | − 0.02* | − 0.028 | − 0.018 |
| Not currently active/wish to be | − 4.5* | − 5.4 | − 3.6 | − 0.04* | − 0.048 | − 0.033 |
| Macro level factors | ||||||
|
Insurance type (Reference: Statutory insurance) |
1.1* | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0.005* | 0.0003 | 0.01 |
|
Suppl. government insurance (Ref: No) |
− 0.4 | − 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.004 | − 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Adjusted R-Squared | 0.2354 | 0.2402 | ||||
*p < 0.05