Table I.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the post–COVID-19 study cohort
| Characteristic | All patients (n = 31,084) | Hospitalization (n = 2863) |
No hospitalization (n = 28,221) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma (n = 396) | No asthma (n = 2467) | P value# | Asthma (n =3653) | No asthma (n = 24,568) | P value | ||
| Demographic | |||||||
| Age∗ (y), mean (SD) | 48.8 (17.8) | 57.6 (16.6) | 61.3 (17.1) | <.001 | 46.4 (16.7) | 47.7 (17.6) | <.001 |
| 18-29 | 5677 (18.3) | 23 (5.8) | 104 (4.2) | .006 | 755 (20.7) | 4795 (19.5) | <.001 |
| 30-39 | 4981 (16.0) | 39 (9.8) | 211 (8.6) | 606 (16.6) | 4125 (16.8) | ||
| 40-49 | 4957 (15.9) | 54 (13.6) | 273 (11.1) | 637 (17.4) | 3993 (16.3) | ||
| 50-59 | 6477 (20.8) | 94 (23.7) | 488 (19.8) | 812 (22.2) | 5083 (20.7) | ||
| 60-69 | 4912 (15.8) | 89 (22.5) | 549 (22.3) | 525 (14.4) | 3749 (15.3) | ||
| 70-80 | 2576 (8.3) | 59 (14.9) | 458 (18.6) | 242 (6.6) | 1817 (7.4) | ||
| ≥80 | 1504 (4.8) | 38 (9.6) | 384 (15.6) | 76 (2.1) | 1006 (4.1) | ||
| Sex†, male, N (%) | 12,509 (40.2) | 140 (35.4) | 1376 (55.8) | <.001 | 1053 (28.8) | 9940 (40.5) | <.001 |
| Race‡, N (%) | |||||||
| White | 20,383 (65.6) | 221 (55.8) | 1334 (54.1) | .162 | 2508 (68.7) | 16,320 (66.4) | <.001 |
| Black | 3230 (10.4) | 75 (18.9) | 389 (15.8) | 378 (10.3) | 2388 (9.7) | ||
| Asian | 914 (2.9) | 14 (3.5) | 98 (4.0) | 78 (2.1) | 724 (2.9) | ||
| Other/unknown | 6557 (21.1) | 86 (21.7) | 646 (26.2) | 689 (18.9) | 5136 (20.9) | ||
| Ethnicity, Hispanic‡ | 7139 (23.0) | 101 (25.5) | 727 (29.5) | .12 | 864 (23.7) | 5447 (22.2) | .047 |
| Education level‡, N (%) | |||||||
| College and above | 11,030 (35.5) | 141 (35.6) | 619 (25.1) | <.001 | 1326 (36.3) | 8944 (36.4) | <.001 |
| High school or equivalent | 9729 (31.3) | 147 (37.1) | 952 (38.6) | 1215 (33.3) | 7415 (30.2) | ||
| Did not complete high school | 3004 (9.7) | 55 (13.9) | 444 (18.0) | 334 (9.1) | 2171 (8.8) | ||
| Unknown | 7321 (23.6) | 53 (13.4) | 452 (18.3) | 778 (21.3) | 6038 (24.6) | ||
| Marital status‡, N (%) | |||||||
| Single | 11,499 (37.0) | 120 (31.9) | 556 (31.5) | .013 | 1545 (42.3) | 9041 (36.8) | <.001 |
| Married/partnered | 15,017 (48.3) | 176 (46.8) | 818 (46.3) | 1657 (45.4) | 12,050 (49.0) | ||
| Divorced | 2126 (6.8) | 47 (12.5) | 165 (9.3) | 253 (6.9) | 1578 (6.4) | ||
| Widowed | 1062 (3.4) | 29 (7.7) | 175 (9.9) | 98 (2.7) | 701 (2.9) | ||
| Unknown | 1380 (4.4) | 4 (1.1) | 53 (3.0) | 100 (2.7) | 1198 (4.9) | ||
| Insurance type, N (%) | |||||||
| Commercial | 21,441 (69.3) | 218 (55.2) | 1168 (47.4) | .035 | 2606 (71.4) | 17,449 (71.4) | <.001 |
| Medicare | 4526 (14.6) | 798 (32.4) | 108 (27.3) | 447 (12.2) | 3173 (13.0) | ||
| Medicaid | 4511 (14.6) | 66 (16.7) | 469 (19.0) | 577 (15.8) | 3399 (13.9) | ||
| Others | 1583 (5.1) | 3 (0.8) | 30 (1.2) | 406 (1.7) | 21 (0.6) | ||
| Smoking history‡, N (%) | |||||||
| Never smoker | 21,127 (68.0) | 273 (68.9) | 1491 (60.4) | <.001 | 2554 (69.9) | 16,809 (68.4) | <.001 |
| Current smoker | 1459 (4.7) | 21 (5.3) | 108 (4.4) | 195 (5.3) | 1135 (4.6) | ||
| Former smoker | 6915 (22.2) | 96 (24.2) | 729 (29.6) | 882 (24.1) | 5208 (21.2) | ||
| Unknown | 1583 (5.1) | 6 (1.5) | 139 (5.6) | 22 (0.6) | 1416 (5.8) | ||
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 29.4 (6.6) | 32.6 (7.8) | 29.5 (6.6) | <.001 | 31.1 (7.5) | 29.1 (6.4) | <.001 |
| ≤24.9 | 7541 (24.3) | 59 (14.9) | 589 (23.9) | <.001 | 746 (20.4) | 6147 (25.0) | |
| 25-29.9 | 9654 (31.1) | 108 (27.3) | 863 (35.0) | 1061 (29.0) | 7620 (31.0) | ||
| ≥30 | 11,511 (37.0) | 229 (57.8) | 1015 (41.1) | 1793 (49.1) | 8474 (34.5) | ||
| Unknown | 2378 (7.7) | n/a | n/a | 53 (1.5) | 2327 (9.5) | ||
| Comorbidities§, N (%) | |||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 4065 (13.1) | 127 (32.1) | 737 (29.9) | .409 | 547 (15.0) | 2654 (10.8) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 9452 (30.4) | 246 (62.1) | 1326 (53.7) | .002 | 1176 (32.2) | 6704 (27.3) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1931 (6.2) | 65 (16.4) | 484 (19.6) | .151 | 172 (4.7) | 1210 (4.9) | .6 |
| Chronic liver disease | 2196 (7.1) | 60 (15.2) | 278 (11.3) | .032 | 348 (9.5) | 1510 (6.1) | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 4414 (14.2) | 156 (39.4) | 787 (31.9) | .004 | 560 (15.3) | 2911 (11.8) | <.001 |
| Anxiety | 5475 (17.6) | 114 (28.8) | 422 (17.1) | <.001 | 1007 (27.6) | 3932 (16.0) | <.001 |
| Depression | 4865 (15.7) | 132 (33.3) | 503 (20.4) | <.001 | 906 (24.8) | 3324 (13.5) | <.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0.7 (1.7) | 1.5 (2.5) | 2.0 (2.6) | <.001 | 1.2 (1.9) | 0.5 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Baseline respiratory symptoms | |||||||
| Shortness of breath | 4607 (14.8) | 158 (39.9) | 422 (17.1) | <.001 | 1105 (30.2) | 2922 (11.9) | <.001 |
| Cough | 4996 (16.1) | 152 (38.4) | 389 (15.8) | <.001 | 1119 (30.6) | 3336 (13.6) | <.001 |
| Bronchospasm | 624 (2.0) | 52 (13.1) | 15 (0.6) | <.001 | 452 (12.4) | 105 (0.4) | <.001 |
| Wheezing | 2339 (7.5) | 154 (38.9) | 151 (6.1) | <.001 | 1192 (32.6) | 842 (3.4) | <.001 |
| Abnormal breathing | 1408 (4.5) | 66 (16.7) | 174 (7.1) | <.001 | 296 (8.1) | 872 (3.5) | <.001 |
| Respiratory syndrome | 517 (1.7) | 11 (2.8) | 28 (1.1) | .017 | 142 (3.9) | 336 (1.4) | <.001 |
| Sputum color change | 294 (0.9) | 21 (5.3) | 27 (1.1) | <.001 | 82 (2.2) | 164 (0.7) | <.001 |
| Stridor | 155 (0.5) | 3 (0.8) | 19 (0.8) | 1.0 | 38 (1.0) | 95 (0.4) | <.001 |
Hospitalization status determined by treatment site during the acute COVID-19 period (days: 0-27).
n/a, Not applicable; SD, standard deviation.
∗
Age at cohort entry (COVID-19–positive test result).
†
Legal sex. Gender identity not available.
‡
Self-reported.
§
Defined as ≥1 ICD code in the 12 months before the positive COVID-19 test result.