Table II.
Risk of respiratory symptoms after acute COVID-19 among patients with and without asthma
| Symptom† | Hospitalization (n = 2863)∗ |
Nonhospitalization (n = 28,221) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma (n = 396) | No asthma (n = 2467) | Crude, OR (95% CI) | Multivariable adjusted 1‡, OR (95% CI) | Multivariable adjusted 2§, OR (95% CI) | Asthma (n = 3653) | No asthma (n = 24,568) | Crude, OR (95% CI) | Multivariable adjusted 1||, OR (95% CI) | Multivariable adjusted 2§, OR (95% CI) | |
| Shortness of breath | 282 (71.2) | 1390 (56.3) | 1.92 (1.52, 2.42)¶ | 1.69 (1.33, 2.16)¶ | 1.53 (1.20, 1.97)¶ | 1482 (40.6) | 6103 (24.8) | 2.07 (1.92, 2.22)¶ | 1.72 (1.59, 1.86)¶ | 1.57 (1.45, 1.70)¶ |
| Cough | 245 (61.9) | 1232 (49.94) | 1.63 (1.31, 2.03)¶ | 1.53 (1.22, 1.93)¶ | 1.39 (1.10, 1.76)# | 1250 (34.2) | 5256 (21.4) | 1.91 (1.77, 2.06)¶ | 1.63 (1.51, 1.76)¶ | 1.50 (1.39, 1.63)¶ |
| Bronchospasm | 307 (77.5) | 190 (7.7) | 41.34 (31.43, 54.88)¶ | 40.71 (30.31, 55.29)¶ | 36.99 (27.47, 50.36)¶ | 2413 (66.1) | 1482 (6.0) | 30.31 (27.82, 33.06)¶ | 27.42 (25.05, 30.03)¶ | 25.46 (23.20, 27.95)¶ |
| Wheezing | 219 (55.3) | 497 (20.1) | 4.9 (3.93, 6.12)¶ | 4.88 (3.86, 6.18)¶ | 3.71 (2.89, 4.76)¶ | 1489 (40.8) | 1611 (6.6) | 9.81 (9.02, 10.66)¶ | 8.09 (7.42, 8.82)¶ | 5.17(4.70, 5.69)¶ |
| Abnormal breathing | 113 (28.5) | 709 (28.7) | 0.99 (0.78, 1.25) | 1.03 (0.80, 1.32) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.27) | 375 (10.3) | 1774 (7.2) | 1.47 (1.31, 1.65)¶ | 1.20 (1.06, 1.35)# | 1.16 (1.03, 1.31)∗∗ |
| Sputum color change | 18 (4.5) | 144 (5.8) | 0.77 (0.45, 1.24) | 0.99 (0.57, 1.63) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.39) | 50 (1.4) | 155 (0.6) | 2.19 (1.57, 2.99)¶ | 1.87 (1.32, 2.61)¶ | 1.77 (1.25, 2.48)# |
| Stridor | 11 (2.8) | 79 (3.2) | 0.86 (0.43, 1.57) | 0.78 (0.38, 1.46) | 0.79 (0.38, 1.48) | 41 (1.1) | 175 (0.7) | 1.58 (1.11, 2.2)# | 1.19 (0.82, 1.68) | 1.11 (0.77, 1.58) |
Text in boldface indicates statistical significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (for hospitalized patients: 23 tests in multivariable analysis 1 and 24 tests in multivariable analysis 2; for nonhospitalized patients, 27 tests in multivariable analysis 1 and 28 tests in multivariable analysis 2) with a significance level of <.05.
CI, Confidence interval; OR, odd ratio.
Hospitalization status determined by the treatment site during the acute COVID-19 period (days: 0-27).
Symptoms were ordered by prevalence in the entire study population (n = 31,084).
Multivariable analysis where the variables were chosen based on the P value ≤.1 calculated using the Wilcoxon test, χ2 test, or Fisher’s exact test. The variables included age; sex; education level; marital status; insurance type; smoking history; body mass index; comorbidities including hypertension, chronic liver disease, cardiovascular disease, anxiety, and depression; and Charlson comorbidity index.
Multivariable analysis 2 included all the variables in multivariable analysis 1 plus the corresponding baseline respiratory symptom.
Multivariable analysis where the variables were chosen based on the P value ≤.1 calculated using the Wilcoxon test, the χ2 test, or Fisher’s exact test. The variables included age; sex; race; education level; marital status; insurance type; smoking history; body mass index; comorbidities including diabetes, hypertension, chronic liver disease, cardiovascular disease, anxiety, and depression; and Charlson comorbidity index.
Indicates a statistical significance level of the unadjusted P value <.001.
Indicates a statistical significance level of the unadjusted P value <.01.
Indicates a statistical significance level of the unadjusted P value <.05.