Table III.
Association between asthma and risk of incident respiratory symptoms after acute COVID-19
| Outcome | Hospitalization |
Nonhospitalization |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma, n′/n (%)∗ | No asthma, n′/n (%)† | Crude, OR (95% CI) | Multivariable adjusted‡, OR (95% CI) | Asthma, n′/n (%)∗ | No asthma, n′/n (%)† | Crude, OR (95% CI) | Multivariable adjusted§, OR (95% CI) | |
| Shortness of breath | 151/238 (63.4) | 1084/2045 (53.0) | 1.54 (1.17, 2.04)|| | 1.48 (1.11, 1.98)|| | 865/2548 (33.9) | 4817/21,646 (22.3) | 1.80 (1.64, 1.96)¶ | 1.57 (1.43, 1.72)¶ |
| Cough | 132/244 (54.0) | 980/2078 (47.2) | 1.32 (1.01, 1.72)# | 1.29 (0.97, 1.70) | 709/2534 (28.0) | 4056/21,232 (19.1) | 1.65 (1.50, 1.81)¶ | 1.44 (1.31, 1.59)¶ |
| Bronchospasm | 259/344 (75.3) | 184/2452 (7.5) | 37.56 (28.30, 50.30)¶ | 37.75 (27.88, 51.70)¶ | 2049/3201 (64.0) | 1437/24,463 (5.9) | 28.50 (26.06, 31.19)¶ | 26.22 (23.87, 28.82)¶ |
| Wheezing | 113/242 (46.7) | 428/2316 (18.5) | 3.86 (2.94, 5.08)¶ | 4.01 (3.01, 5.34)¶ | 683/2461 (27.8) | 1326/23,726 (5.6) | 6.49 (5.85, 7.20)¶ | 5.54 (4.97, 6.17)¶ |
| Abnormal breathing | 78/330 (23.6) | 642/2293 (28.0) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.04) | 0.84 (0.63, 1.12) | 318/3357 (9.5) | 1608/23,696 (6.8) | 1.44 (1.27, 1.63)¶ | 1.19 (1.04, 1.36)|| |
| Sputum color change | 12/375 (3.2) | 137/2440 (5.6) | 0.56 (0.29, 0.97) | 0.73 (0.37, 1.29) | 39/3571 (1.1) | 149/24,404 (0.6) | 1.80 (1.24, 2.53)|| | 1.60 (1.09, 2.29)# |
| Stridor | 11/393 (2.8) | 75/2448 (3.1) | 0.90 (0.45, 1.64)) | 0.82 (0.40, 1.55) | 34/3615 (0.9) | 162/24,473 (0.7) | 1.42 (0.97, 2.04)) | 1.07 (0.72, 1.55) |
Text in boldface indicates statistical significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (23 tests for hospitalized patients and 27 tests for nonhospitalized patients) with a significance level of .05.
CI, Confidence interval; OR, odd ratio.
The n denominator is the number of patients who had asthma but without the specific symptom (eg, shortness of breath) before COVID-19; the n′ numerator is the number of patients who did not have the specific symptom before COVID-19 infection but develop that symptom (eg, shortness of breath) after COVID infection; the % is the percentage of patients who developed the specific symptom (eg, shortness of breath).
The n denominator is the number of patients who did not have asthma and the specific symptom (eg, shortness of breath) before COVID-19; the n′ numerator is the number of patients who developed that symptom after COVID infection; the % is the percentage of patients who developed the specific symptom (eg, shortness of breath).
The variables included in the multivariable analysis were age; sex; education level; marital status; insurance type; smoking history; body mass index; comorbidities including hypertension, chronic liver disease, cardiovascular disease, anxiety, and depression; and Charlson comorbidity index.
The variables included in the multivariable analysis were age; sex; race; education level; marital status; insurance type; smoking history; body mass index; comorbidities including diabetes, hypertension, chronic liver disease, cardiovascular disease, anxiety, and depression; and Charlson comorbidity index.
Indicates a statistical significance level of the unadjusted P value <.01.
Indicates a statistical significance level of the unadjusted P value <.001.
Indicates a statistical significance level of the unadjusted P value <.05.