Table 3.
Multi‐variable Cox proportional hazard models for 90 day mortality
| Variables | HR (95% CI) a | P‐value |
|---|---|---|
| Age, 10 year increase | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.265 |
| Gender | ||
| Women | 1 | |
| Men | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | 0.480 |
| BMI, 1 kg/m2 increase | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <0.001 |
| NYHA class | ||
| Class II | 1 | |
| Class III | 1.36 (1.16–1.60) | <0.001 |
| Class IV | 1.61 (1.37–1.90) | <0.001 |
| Ejection fraction | ||
| HFrEF | 1 | |
| HFmrEF | 0.95 (0.83–1.10) | 0.509 |
| HFpEF | 0.77 (0.64–0.92) | 0.004 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL increase | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | <0.001 |
| Tobacco use | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.323 |
| Diabetes | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.95 (0.85–1.05) | 0.316 |
| Stroke | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.18 (0.93–1.51) | 0.179 |
| COPD | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.25 (1.05–1.49) | 0.012 |
| Previous admission for HF | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 0.165 |
| Beta‐blockers | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.58 (0.52–0.64) | <0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.83 (0.73–0.93) | 0.001 |
| Aldosterone blockers | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | <0.001 |
| Inotropes | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.86 (1.65–2.10) | <0.001 |
| IV diuretics | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.31 (1.15–1.50) | <0.001 |
| Years of schooling | ||
| 0–4 years | 1 | |
| 4–8 years | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) | 0.004 |
| 9–12 years | 0.62 (0.54–0.71) | <0.001 |
| ≥13 years | 0.63 (0.52–0.75) | <0.001 |
| Dependant oedema | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.21 (1.05–1.39) | 0.009 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.29 (1.11–1.51) | 0.001 |
| Mitral regurgitation | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Mild | 1.10 (0.95–1.26) | 0.196 |
| Moderate | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) | 0.038 |
| Severe | 1.18 (0.97–1.42) | 0.091 |
| Broad QRS | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.40 (1.26–1.56) | <0.001 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, 10 beats/min increase | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 0.130 |
| Haemoglobin, 1 g/dL increase | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | <0.001 |
| Serum sodium < 125 mEq/L | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.61 (1.30–1.98) | <0.001 |
| Serum potassium > 5.5 mEq/L | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | 0.708 |
| Respiratory support | ||
| No support | 1 | |
| Non‐invasive ventilation | 1.27 (1.11–1.41) | <0.001 |
| Invasive ventilation | 5.04 (4.31–5.89) | <0.001 |
ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IV, intravenous; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
a
Adjusted HR.