Table 2.

Comparison of plant-derived EVs and animal-derived EVs.

Type studies	Plant-derived EVs	Animal-derived EVs
Extraction methods	ultracentrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation	ultracentrifugation, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, size-based techniques, precipitation, immunoaffinity capture-based techniques and microfluidics based techniques
Particle size	EVs 100−1000 nm	microvesicles100-1000 nm exosomes 30-150 nm
Lipids	phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, no cholesterol	cholesterol, sphingomyelin, ceramide
Proteins	less research, contains less than animal-derived EVs, proteins that regulate carbohydrate/lipid metabolism, membrane proteins etc.	rich in variety, mainly targeting fusion proteins, rab family proteins, heat shock proteins family, transmembrane proteins, cytoskeleton proteins etc.
RNA	mainly miRNA and small amount of ribosomal RNA	mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, cirRNA and lack of ribosomal RNA
Application	anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and drug delivery	anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and biomarkers of diseases
Advantages	abundance of plant resources, large-scale production from abundance of plant resources, high biocompatibility and bioavailability with low toxicity, suitable features for a drug delivery system	high homology, can be used as a biomarker of disease, diversity of separation methods
limitations	concern about poor biocompatibility from impurities, fewer targeting moieties for mammalian cells	low production, less resources