Table 3.

Overview of the biological functions of EVs from a variety of plant sources.

Plant	Mediators	Functions	References
Arabidopsis	TET8, TAS1c-siR483 TAS2-siR453 SYP61	transferred host sRNAs silence fungal virulence genes and suppress fungal pathogenicity plant immune responses	(31) (86)
Grapefruit		delivery FA	(25)
Ginger	PA, miR7267-3p and IA3 caspase1, IL-1β, IL-18 and NLRP3 Nrf2	ease IBD inhibitory effects on activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome protecting liver function	(17) (105) (90)
Citrus Limon	TRAI	inhibit cancer cell proliferation and suppress CML xenograft growth	(27)
Grape	Lgr5+ stem cells	protection against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis	(6)

TET8, tetraspanin8; SYP61, syntaxin protein61; FA, folic acid; IA3, indole-3-carboxaldehyde; NLRP3, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain like receptors;

TRAI, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand- receptor, IBD, inflammatory bowel disease.