Table 1.
Changes in antimicrobial prescription and final impact.
| Prescribed Antibiotic | DID Pre-Intervention Period | Relative Change First Semester 2017 |
Relative Change First Semester 2019 |
Relative Change Second Semester 2021 |
Absolute Effect Post-Intervention Period | Relative Effect (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Total antibiotics
(J01) |
2.496 | 0.892 (0.890 to 0.894) |
0.790 (0.787 to 0.781) |
0.670 (0.668 to 0.672) |
−0.688 (−0.691 to −0.685) |
27.57 (27.65 to 27.49) |
| Total of non-recommended antibiotics (NRA) | 1.126 | 0.842 (0.839 to 0.845) |
0.649 (0.646 to 0.652) |
0.583 (0.581 to 0.586) |
−0.412 (−0.414 to −0.410) |
36.59 (36.70 to 36.48) |
| Co-amoxiclav (J01CR02) | 0.704 | 0.866 (0.862 to 0.870) |
0.726 (0.722 to 0.730) |
0.660 (0.657 to 0.663) |
−0.227 (−0.229 to 0.226) |
32.27 (32.42 to 32.12) |
|
Quinolones (J01M) |
0.311 | 0.754 (0.748 to 0.759) |
0.439 (0.435 to 0.443) |
0.328 (0.325 to 0.312) |
−0.158 (−0.159 to −0.157) |
50.91 (51.09 to 50.74) |
| Ciprofloxacin (J01MA02) | 0.114 | 0.779 (0.770 to 0.788) |
0.556 (0.549 to 0.564) |
0.439 (0.433 to 0.446) |
−0.052 (−0.052 to −0.051) |
45.39 (45.70 to 45.07) |
| Levofloxacin (J01MA12) | 0.132 | 0.828 (0.819 to 0.837) |
0.457 (0.451 to 0.464) |
0.338 (0.332 to 0.343) |
−0.061 (−0.061 to 0.060) |
45.89 (46.18 to 45.60) |
| Cephalosporins (J01D) | 0.111 | 0.936 (0.925 to 0.947) |
0.749 (0.740 to 0.758) |
0.807 (0.798 to 0.817) |
−0.026 (−0.027 to −0.026) |
23.90 (24.31 to 23.49) |
| Cefuroxime (J01DC02) | 0.061 | 0.739 (0.726 to 0.751) |
0.614 (0.603 to 0.625) |
0.433 (0.424 to 0.442) |
−0.025 (−0.025 to −0.025) |
40.96 (41.41 to 40.50) |
| Third-generation cephalosporins (J01DD) | 0.046 | 1.241 (1.222 to 1.261) |
0.935 (0.919 to 0.951) |
1.275 (1.256 to 1.295) |
0.0003 (−0.0003 to 0.0004) |
0.07 (−0.73 to 0.87) |
|
Total
recommended antibiotics (RA) |
0.059 | 1.107 (1.092 to 1.123) |
1.267 (1.250 to 1.284) |
1.130 (1.114 to 1.146) |
0.0001 (−0.0004 to 0.0005) |
0.10 (−0.60 to 0.80) |
| Fosfomycin trometamol (J01XX01) | 0.042 | 1.026 (1.007 to 1.044) |
1.137 (1.118 to 1.156) |
1.150 (1.131 to 1.169) |
−0.001 (−0.002 to −0.001) |
3.15 (3.96 to 2.33) |
| Nitrofurantoin (J01XE01) | 0.018 | 1.300 (1.268 to 1.332) |
1.574 (1.539 to 1.610) |
1.082 (1.054 to 1.111) |
0.001 (0.001 to 0.002) |
7.21 (6.03 to 8.39) |
DID; defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day with 95% CIs, unless otherwise specified. NRA; non-recommended antibiotics (co-amoxiclav, quinolones, cephalosporins). RA; recommended antibiotics (fosfomycin trometamol, nitrofurantoin).