TABLE 3.
Subgroup analyses of saffron on CVD risk factors in adults.
| NO | WMD (95%CI) | P-value | Heterogeneity |
|||
| P heterogeneity | I2 | P between sub-groups | ||||
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on serum TG (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 24 | −8.81 (−14.33, −3.28) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 55.1% | |
| Baseline TG (mg/dl) | ||||||
| <150 | 11 | −4.65 (−8.88, −0.43) | 0.031 | 0.430 | 1.2% | 0.405 |
| ≥150 | 12 | −9.95 (−21.67, 1.77) | 0.096 | <0.001 | 70.6% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 16 | −11.18 (−18.53, −3.84) | 0.003 | <0.001 | 67.7% | 0.253 |
| ≥12 | 8 | −5.04 (−12.60, 2.50) | 0.190 | 0.686 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 15 | −7.80 (−14.44, −1.16) | 0.021 | 0.001 | 60.6% | 0.553 |
| ≥100 | 9 | −11.29 (−20.69, −1.89) | 0.019 | 0.178 | 30.0% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (18.5−24.9) | 3 | −8.92 (−19.09, 1.24) | 0.085 | 0.128 | 51.4% | 0.679 |
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 9 | −11.76 (−24.49, 0.96) | 0.070 | <0.001 | 77.9% | |
| Obese (>30) | 2 | 17.93 (−35.31, −0.55) | 0.043 | 0.482 | 0.0% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 7 | −5.08 (−12.80, 2.64) | 0.197 | 0.403 | 3.0% | 0.295 |
| Non-diabetic | 17 | −10.66 (−17.70, −3.62) | 0.003 | <0.001 | 64.4% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 13 | −8.96 (−16.01, −1.93) | 0.013 | 0.069 | 39.7% | 0.882 |
| Crocin | 9 | −7.94 (−19.55, 3.67) | 0.180 | <0.001 | 72.9% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on serum TC (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 23 | −6.87 (−11.19, −2.56) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 72.5% | |
| Baseline TC (mg/dl) | ||||||
| <200 | 18 | −7.39 (−13.16, −1.62) | 0.012 | <0.001 | 77.4% | 0.223 |
| ≥200 | 4 | −1.54 (−8.96, 5.87) | 0.683 | 0.520 | 0.0% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 15 | −4.44 (−9.45, 0.56) | 0.082 | <0.001 | 69.0% | 0.180 |
| ≥12 | 8 | −11.21 (−19.74, −2.69) | 0.010 | <0.001 | 76.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 14 | −4.52 (−9.96, 0.92) | 0.104 | <0.001 | 74.9% | 0.181 |
| ≥100 | 9 | −10.76 (−18.12, −3.41) | 0.004 | 0.002 | 66.5% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (18.5−24.9) | 3 | −7.43 (10.52, −4.34) | <0.001 | 0.371 | 0.0% | |
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 8 | −6.65 (−13.77, 0.46) | 0.067 | <0.001 | 73.2% | 0.236 |
| Obese (>30) | 2 | −19.59 (−33.56, −5.61) | 0.006 | 0.094 | 64.4% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 7 | −5.05 (−13.54, 3.43) | 0.243 | 0.001 | 74.1% | 0.594 |
| Non-diabetic | 16 | −7.77 (−13.03, −2.50) | 0.004 | <0.001 | 73.4% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 13 | −6.88 (−14.66, 0.90) | 0.083 | <0.001 | 83.8% | 0.947 |
| Crocin | 8 | −7.15 (−9.98, −4.33) | <0.001 | 0.716 | 0.0% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on serum LDL (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 23 | −6.71 (−10.51, −2.91) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 81.3% | |
| Baseline LDL (mg/dl) | ||||||
| <100 | 7 | −4.49 (−11.88, 2.88) | 0.233 | 0.002 | 71.6% | 0.466 |
| ≥100 | 15 | −8.10 (−14.38, −1.82) | 0.011 | <0.001 | 85.4% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 15 | −6.68 (−11.83, −1.52) | 0.011 | <0.001 | 85.7% | 0.944 |
| ≥12 | 8 | −6.94 (−12.31, −1.58) | 0.011 | 0.014 | 60.4% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 14 | −5.10 (−5.10, −1.23) | 0.010 | <0.001 | 71.5% | 0.508 |
| ≥100 | 9 | −8.55 (−18.00, 0.90) | 0.076 | <0.001 | 87.9% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (18.5−24.9) | 3 | 1.77 (−10.36, 13.92) | 0.774 | 0.002 | 83.8% | 0.177 |
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 9 | −6.91 (−15.12, 1.30) | 0.099 | <0.001 | 89.6% | |
| Obese (>30) | 2 | −13.36 (−23.68, −3.03) | 0.011 | 0.095 | 64.0% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 7 | −1.04 (−7.65, 5.55) | 0.756 | 0.002 | 70.8% | 0.044 |
| Non-diabetic | 16 | −9.41 (−14.17, −4.65) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 83.7% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 12 | −6.31 (−13.85, 1.21) | 0.100 | <0.001 | 88.9% | 0.953 |
| Crocin | 9 | −6.58 (−10.91, −2.25) | 0.003 | 0.033 | 52.1% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on serum HDL (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 23 | 0.21 (−0.73, 1.16) | 0.660 | <0.001 | 66.2% | |
| Baseline HDL (mg/dl) | ||||||
| <40 | 4 | −0.20 (−1.66, 1.25) | 0.782 | 0.765 | 0.0% | 0.668 |
| ≥40 | 18 | 0.22 (−1.07, 1.51) | 0.738 | <0.001 | 71.6% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 15 | 0.07 (−1.14, 1.29) | 0.902 | <0.001 | 69.9% | 0.726 |
| ≥12 | 8 | 0.43 (−1.17, 2.05) | 0.595 | 0.015 | 59.9% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 14 | 0.61 (−0.76, 2.00) | 0.381 | <0.001 | 76.1% | 0.371 |
| ≥100 | 9 | −0.15 (−1.13, 0.82) | 0.755 | 0.371 | 7.8% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (18.5−24.9) | 3 | 1.19 (−1.45, 3.84) | 0.378 | 0.005 | 81.0% | 0.682 |
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 9 | −0.03 (−1.65, 1.59) | 0.969 | 0.002 | 66.5% | |
| Obese (>30) | 2 | 0.75 (−0.86, 2.36) | 0.362 | 0.797 | 0.0% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 7 | 0.14 (−1.29, 1.58) | 0.843 | 0.018 | 60.8% | 0.484 |
| Non-diabetic | 16 | 0.23 (−1.05, 1.52) | 0.723 | <0.001 | 69.3% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 12 | 0.09 (−1.03, 1.22) | 0.864 | 0.051 | 43.8% | 0.669 |
| Crocin | 9 | −0.33 (−1.93, 1.28) | 0.688 | <0.001 | 75.5% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on serum FBG (mg/dl) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 22 | −7.59 (−11.88, −3.30) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 93.3% | |
| Baseline FBG (mg/dl) | ||||||
| <100 | 5 | −6.55 (−12.14, −0.96) | 0.022 | <0.001 | 89.8% | 0.510 |
| ≥100 | 16 | −9.00 (13.70, −4.31) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 66.1% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 13 | −4.77 (−9.91, 0.36) | 0.068 | <0.001 | 94.0% | 0.079 |
| ≥12 | 9 | −12.02 (−18.28, −5.77) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 77.1% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 16 | −10.05 (−15.17, −4.92) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 95.1% | 0.018 |
| ≥100 | 6 | −2.03 (−6.26, 2.20) | 0.348 | 0.426 | 0.0% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (18.5−24.9) | 3 | −7.40 (−17.77, 2.97) | 0.162 | <0.001 | 95.6% | 0.861 |
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 8 | −8.59 (−16.57, −0.61) | 0.035 | 0.004 | 66.4% | |
| Obese (>30) | 4 | 5.57 (−13.03, 1.89) | 0.144 | 0.070 | 57.6% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 10 | −14.08 (−22.38, −5.78) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 73.4% | 0.047 |
| Non-diabetic | 12 | −4.11 (−9.38, 1.15) | 0.126 | <0.001 | 95.8% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 11 | −7.49 (−13.98, −1.01) | 0.023 | <0.001 | 83.3% | 0.897 |
| Crocin | 9 | −8.13 (−15.41, −0.86) | 0.028 | <0.001 | 94.8% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on serum Insulin (mIU/ml) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 7 | −0.46 (−1.00, 0.06) | 0.088 | <0.001 | 75.6% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 3 | −0.50 (−1.43, 0.42) | 0.285 | 0.005 | 81.5% | 0.970 |
| ≥12 | 4 | −0.53 (−1.39, 0.33) | 0.229 | 0.004 | 77.7% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 4 | −0.96 (−2.10, 0.16) | 0.094 | <0.001 | 83.2% | 0.121 |
| ≥100 | 3 | −0.04 (−0.34, 0.26) | 0.795 | 0.321 | 12.0% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 2 | 0.00 (−0.33, 0.33) | 0.002 | 0.254 | 23.0% | 0.008 |
| Obese (>30) | 2 | −2.14 (−5.62, 1.33) | 0.996 | 0.004 | 88.2% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 4 | −0.55 (−1.35, 0.24) | 0.175 | 0.002 | 80.4% | 0.836 |
| Non-diabetic | 3 | −0.43 (−1.28, 0.41) | 0.319 | 0.023 | 73.6% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 3 | −0.04 (−0.34, 0.26) | 0.795 | 0.321 | 12.0% | 0.146 |
| Crocin | 3 | −1.41 (−3.23, 0.41) | 0.130 | <0.001 | 88.1% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on serum HbA1c (%) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 12 | −0.18 (−0.21, −0.07) | <0.001 | 0.008 | 56.9% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 4 | −0.11 (−0.24, 0.02) | 0.104 | 0.088 | 54.1% | 0.163 |
| ≥12 | 8 | −0.27 (−0.45, −0.08) | 0.004 | 0.008 | 63.1% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 9 | −0.21 (−0.33, −0.09) | <0.001 | 0.014 | 58.2% | 0.050 |
| ≥100 | 3 | −0.03 (−0.17, 0.09) | 0.557 | 0.431 | 0.0% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 5 | −0.14 (−0.25, −0.03) | 0.013 | 0.178 | 36.5% | 0.689 |
| Obese (>30) | 2 | −0.36 (−0.94, 0.21) | 0.214 | 0.088 | 65.7% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 9 | −0.25 (−0.46, −0.03) | 0.020 | 0.003 | 65.1% | 0.463 |
| Non-diabetic | 3 | −0.17 (−0.22, −0.11) | <0.001 | 0.296 | 17.8% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 7 | −0.15 (−0.22, −0.08) | <0.001 | 0.342 | 11.5% | 0.229 |
| Crocin | 4 | −0.38 (−0.75, −0.01) | 0.042 | 0.001 | 81.7% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on HOMA−IR | ||||||
| Overall effect | 7 | −0.49 (−0.89, −0.09) | 0.016 | 0.002 | 70.8% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 2 | −0.23 (−0.41, −0.04) | 0.013 | 0.618 | 0.0% | 0.147 |
| ≥12 | 5 | −1.19 (−2.49, 0.09) | 0.070 | <0.001 | 80.3% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 5 | −1.22 (−2.42, −0.02) | 0.045 | 0.001 | 77.7% | 0.088 |
| ≥100 | 2 | −0.15 (−0.42, 0.10) | 0.246 | 0.234 | 29.4% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 2 | −1.03 (−4.62, 2.55) | 0.071 | 0.174 | 45.9% | 0.527 |
| Obese (>30) | 2 | −1.14 (−2.91, 0.62) | 0.573 | <0.001 | 91.8% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 4 | −0.68 (−1.40, 0.04) | 0.066 | <0.001 | 83.6% | 0.422 |
| Non-diabetic | 3 | −0.32 (−0.79, 0.15) | 0.180 | 0.326 | 10.8% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 3 | −0.17 (−0.49, 0.15) | 0.305 | 0.206 | 36.8% | 0.236 |
| Crocin | 3 | −1.07 (−2.53, 0.38) | 0.149 | 0.001 | 86.7% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on SBP (mmHg) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 11 | −3.42 (−5.80, −1.04) | 0.005 | <0.001 | 82.5% | |
| Baseline SBP (mmHg) | ||||||
| <120 | 6 | −2.83 (−6.29, 0.62) | 0.108 | <0.001 | 78.7% | 0.602 |
| ≥120 | 5 | −4.24 (−8.22, −0.25) | 0.037 | 0.001 | 79.3% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 6 | −2.81 (−6.03, 0.41) | 0.088 | 0.001 | 76.6% | 0.601 |
| ≥12 | 5 | −4.21 (−8.38, −0.05) | 0.047 | <0.001 | 83.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 3 | −4.97 (−8.06, −1.88) | 0.002 | 0.114 | 53.9% | 0.293 |
| ≥100 | 8 | −2.67 (−5.64, 0.29) | 0.078 | <0.001 | 81.1% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 4 | −4.88 (−9.93, 0.16) | 0.058 | <0.001 | 90.5% | 0.501 |
| Obese (>30) | 3 | −2.01 (−8.67, 4.64) | 0.553 | 0.004 | 82.2% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 4 | −4.54 (−9.34, 0.26) | 0.064 | <0.001 | 83.8% | 0.576 |
| Non-diabetic | 7 | −2.91 (−5.99, 0.17) | 0.064 | 0.001 | 74.4% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 8 | −2.67 (5.64, 0.29) | 0.078 | <0.001 | 81.1% | 0.069 |
| Crocin | 2 | −6.41 (−9.12, −3.69) | <0.001 | 0.446 | 0.0% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on DBP (mmHg) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 9 | −0.19 (−2.42, 2.03) | 0.862 | <0.001 | 81.4% | |
| Baseline DBP (mmHg) | ||||||
| <80 | 5 | 2.23 (−0.32, 4.79) | 0.087 | 0.070 | 53.8% | 0.017 |
| ≥80 | 4 | −2.95 (−6.35, 0.43) | 0.088 | <0.001 | 83.8% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 6 | −0.25 (−3.52, 3.02) | 0.880 | <0.001 | 87.7% | 0.787 |
| ≥12 | 3 | 0.29 (−1.88, 2.46) | 0.793 | 0.764 | 0.0% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 4 | −2.02 (−5.44, 1.39) | 0.246 | <0.001 | 84.7% | 0.706 |
| Obese (>30) | 3 | −1.24 (−3.46, 0.98) | 0.275 | 0.506 | 0.0% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 4 | −1.23 (−1.41, −1.05) | <0.001 | 0.485 | 0.0% | 0.471 |
| Non-diabetic | 5 | 0.83 (−4.79, 6.47) | 0.771 | <0.001 | 89.9% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on serum CRP (mg/l) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 10 | −0.20 (−0.46, 0.05) | 0.127 | <0.001 | 74.4% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 3 | −0.22 (−0.84, 0.39) | 0.478 | <0.001 | 87.7% | 0.805 |
| ≥12 | 7 | −0.31 (−0.65, 0.03) | 0.074 | 0.001 | 71.1% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 5 | −0.08 (−0.42, 0.24) | 0.603 | 0.001 | 77.8% | 0.061 |
| ≥100 | 5 | −0.72 (−1.30, −0.14) | 0.014 | 0.001 | 76.0% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (18.5−24.9) | 2 | −0.37 (−1.74, 0.99) | 0.590 | <0.001 | 93.9% | 0.220 |
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 5 | −0.40 (−0.94, 0.13) | 0.144 | 0.004 | 71.2% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 3 | −0.05 (−0.24, 0.13) | 0.572 | 0.466 | 0.0% | 0.048 |
| Non-diabetic | 7 | −0.52 (−0.94, −0.10) | 0.015 | <0.001 | 82.1% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 6 | −0.57 (−1.12, −0.02) | 0.040 | 0.001 | 73.5% | 0.327 |
| Crocin | 3 | −0.19 (−0.72, 0.34) | 0.489 | <0.001 | 87.7% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on serum IL−6 (pg/ml) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 3 | −0.12 (−0.83, 0.59) | 0.739 | <0.001 | 87.4% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on serum TNF-α (pg/ml) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 7 | −2.54 (−4.43, −0.65) | 0.008 | <0.001 | 93.6% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 2 | −6.22 (−10.31, −2.14) | 0.003 | 0.216 | 34.7% | 0.009 |
| ≥12 | 5 | −0.55 (−1.76, 0.66) | 0.375 | <0.001 | 78.1% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 2 | −2.84 (−7.45, 1.75) | 0.226 | <0.001 | 97.8% | 0.704 |
| ≥100 | 5 | −4.02 (−7.94, −0.10) | 0.044 | <0.001 | 80.9% | |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overweight (25−29.9) | 4 | −2.95 (−6.81, 0.89) | 0.133 | 0.001 | 79.1% | 0.797 |
| Obese (>30) | 2 | −4.39 (−14.67, 5.88) | 0.402 | 0.013 | 83.8% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 3 | −0.91 (−3.21, 1.37) | 0.433 | 0.050 | 66.5% | 0.103 |
| Non-diabetic | 4 | −5.44 (−10.38, −0.51) | 0.031 | <0.001 | 95.4% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on Weight (Kg) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 13 | −0.12 (−0.82, 0.58) | 0.732 | 0.995 | 0.0% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 9 | −0.07 (−0.82, 0.67) | 0.840 | 0.960 | 0.0% | 0.512 |
| ≥12 | 4 | −0.75 (−2.62, 1.12) | 0.431 | 0.959 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 4 | −0.16 (−1.20, 0.87) | 0.757 | 0.695 | 0.0% | 0.989 |
| ≥100 | 9 | −0.17 (−1.10, 0.75) | 0.714 | 0.989 | 0.0% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 3 | 0.20 (−1.05, 1.45) | 0.755 | 0.999 | 0.0% | 0.488 |
| Non-diabetic | 10 | −0.33 (−1.16, 0.50) | 0.434 | 0.978 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 9 | 0.02 (−0.73, 0.78) | 0.954 | 0.996 | 0.0% | 0.661 |
| Crocin | 2 | −0.63 (−3.46, 2.19) | 0.661 | 0.804 | 0.0% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 12 | 0.01 (−0.17, 0.21) | 0.853 | 0.809 | 0.0% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 10 | 0.01 (−0.18, 0.20) | 0.910 | 0.670 | 0.0% | 0.574 |
| ≥12 | 2 | 0.27 (−0.62, 1.16) | 0.548 | 0.981 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 4 | −0.18 (−0.57, 0.20) | 0.346 | 0.428 | 0.0% | 0.222 |
| ≥100 | 8 | 0.09 (−0.12, 0.31) | 0.417 | 0.947 | 0.0% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 3 | 0.12 (−0.12, 0.36) | 0.338 | 0.999 | 0.0% | 0.223 |
| Non-diabetic | 9 | −0.12 (−0.42. 0.18) | 0.428 | 0.783 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 9 | 0.08 (−0.12, 0.28) | 0.429 | 0.971 | 0.0% | 0.456 |
| Crocin | 2 | −0.23 (−1.03, 0.57) | 0.569 | 0.714 | 0.0% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on WC (cm) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 14 | −1.50 (−2.83, −0.18) | 0.026 | <0.001 | 71.6% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 8 | −0.20 (−1.10, 0.70) | 0.662 | 0.322 | 13.8% | 0.110 |
| ≥12 | 6 | −2.18 (−4.44, 0.07) | 0.058 | <0.001 | 77.2% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 5 | −2.68 (−4.88, −0.48) | 0.017 | 0.018 | 66.3% | 0.151 |
| ≥100 | 9 | −0.70 (−2.25, 0.84) | 0.370 | <0.001 | 71.4% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 3 | −1.92 (−5.83, 1.98) | 0.334 | <0.001 | 87.7% | 0.692 |
| Non-diabetic | 11 | −1.09 (−2.32, 0.13) | 0.080 | 0.006 | 58.0% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 9 | −0.80 (−2.33, 0.72) | 0.304 | 0.001 | 68.6% | 0.134 |
| Crocin | 2 | −3.32 (−6.24, −0.40) | 0.026 | 0.207 | 37.1% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on FM (%) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 5 | −0.57 (−1.57, 0.42) | 0.262 | 0.599 | 0.0% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 3 | −0.42 (−1.44, 0.60) | 0.422 | 0.762 | 0.0% | 0.131 |
| ≥12 | 2 | −3.05 (−6.31, 0.20) | 0.066 | 0.726 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 2 | −0.82 (−2.35, 0.69) | 0.287 | 0.845 | 0.0% | 0.982 |
| ≥100 | 3 | −0.85 (−2.57, 0.87) | 0.332 | 0.341 | 10.4% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on MDA (uM/L) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 7 | −1.50 (−2.42, −0.57) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 77.4% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 3 | −2.08 (−4.17, −0.01) | 0.050 | <0.001 | 91.5% | 0.304 |
| ≥12 | 4 | −0.96 (−1.48, −0.43) | <0.001 | 0.537 | 0.0% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 3 | −1.32 (−3.10, 0.45) | 0.145 | <0.001 | 90.2% | 0.881 |
| ≥100 | 4 | −1.17 (−1.88, −0.47) | 0.001 | 0.222 | 29.9% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 2 | −1.02 (−2.05, −0.01) | 0.049 | 0.549 | 0.0% | 0.484 |
| Non-diabetic | 5 | −1.52 (−2.48, −0.57) | 0.002 | <0.001 | 80.9% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 5 | −1.08 (−1.69, −0.46) | 0.001 | 0.306 | 16.7% | 0.650 |
| Crocin | 2 | −1.62 (−3.91, 0.66) | 0.163 | <0.001 | 95.1% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on TAC (mM/L) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 7 | 0.07 (0.01, 0.13) | 0.032 | 0.003 | 69.9% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 3 | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.10) | 0.121 | 0.035 | 70.2% | 0.180 |
| ≥12 | 4 | 0.16 (−0.00, 0.33) | 0.056 | 0.005 | 73.5% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 3 | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) | 0.132 | 0.091 | 58.2% | 0.033 |
| ≥100 | 4 | 0.21 (0.05, 0.37) | 0.009 | 0.033 | 61.8% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 2 | −0.01 (−0.13, 0.11) | 0.836 | 0.645 | 0.0% | 0.044 |
| Non-diabetic | 5 | 0.14 (0.05, 0.23) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 83.5% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 5 | 0.17 (0.02, 0.31) | 0.021 | 0.009 | 67.2% | 0.087 |
| Crocin | 2 | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.08) | 0.173 | 0.029 | 79.0% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on ALT (U/L) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 11 | −2.16 (−4.10, −0.23) | 0.028 | <0.001 | 88.8% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 4 | −5.58 (−10.42, −0.75) | 0.024 | <0.001 | 95.3% | 0.036 |
| ≥12 | 7 | −0.17 (−1.61, 1.26) | 0.811 | 0.099 | 41.8% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 8 | −3.01 (−6.20, 0.19) | 0.065 | <0.001 | 91.6% | 0.197 |
| ≥100 | 3 | −0.71 (−2.09, 0.66) | 0.310 | 0.285 | 20.9% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 5 | 0.19 (−0.95, 1.34) | 0.738 | 0.041 | 59.9% | 0.003 |
| Non-diabetic | 6 | −5.10 (−8.41, −1.78) | 0.003 | <0.001 | 78.0% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 5 | −0.05 (−1.68, 1.57) | 0.944 | 0.112 | 44.1% | 0.043 |
| Crocin | 5 | −4.94 (−9.38, −0.50) | 0.029 | <0.001 | 94.6% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on AST(U/L) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 11 | 1.03 (−1.85, 3.92) | 0.482 | <0.001 | 96.3% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 4 | 0.86 (−5.49, 7.22) | 0.789 | <0.001 | 98.6% | 0.995 |
| ≥12 | 7 | 0.88 (−1.95, 3.73) | 0.541 | <0.001 | 86.3% | |
| Intervention dose (mg/day) | ||||||
| <100 | 8 | 1.40 (−2.82, 5.64) | 0.514 | <0.001 | 96.3% | 0.338 |
| ≥100 | 3 | −0.77 (−2.18, 0.64) | 0.285 | 0.229 | 30.6% | |
| Health status | ||||||
| Diabetic | 5 | −1.26 (−1.85, −0.66) | <0.001 | 0.349 | 10.0% | 0.155 |
| Non-diabetic | 6 | 2.46 (−2.63, 7.56) | 0.342 | <0.001 | 93.2% | |
| Intervention | ||||||
| Saffron | 5 | −0.05 (−1.82, 1.71) | 0.950 | 0.094 | 46.8% | 0.841 |
| Crocin | 5 | −0.60 (−5.64, 4.43) | 0.814 | <0.001 | 97.5% | |
| Subgroup analyses of saffron on ALP(U/L) | ||||||
| Overall effect | 5 | 2.84 (−14.29, 19.97) | 0.745 | 0.544 | 82.6% | |
| Trial duration (week) | ||||||
| <12 | 2 | −4.48 (−37.38, 28.42) | 0.790 | 0.023 | 80.5% | 0.510 |
| ≥12 | 3 | 7.75 (−7.86, 23.37) | 0.330 | 0.146 | 48.1% | |
ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CRP, c-reactive protein; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FM, fat mass; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MDA, malondialdehyde; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TC, total cholesterol, TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference; WMD, weighted mean differences; IL-6, interleukin 6.
Subgroup analyses have been done.
P < 0.05 was considered a significance. Bold means significant p-value (P < 0.05).