. 2022 Dec 6;11(12):2411. doi: 10.3390/antiox11122411

Table 1.

Effect of air frying pre-treatment on the recovery of major sinapic acid derivates (SADs) in de-oiled canola meal. Canola meal-derived sinapic acid derivatives (SADs).

Air Frying Condition	Sinapine (µg SPE/g DW)	Sinapic Acid (µg SAE/g DW)	Canolol (µg CE/g DW)	RT-26.6 min (µgSPE/g DW)	RT-32.4 min (µg SPE/g DW)	RT-27.28 min (µg SPE/g DW)	RT-23.81 min (µg SPE/g DW)
160/5 min	7572 ± 479 ^a	727 ± 44 ^a	84.92 ± 3.41 ⁱ	1763 ± 74 ^a	903 ± 26 ^efg	375 ± 19 ^de	458 ± 19 ^ab
160/10 min	7471 ± 198 ^a	646 ± 22 ^b	92.77 ± 0.88 ^hi	1681 ± 50 ^abc	909 ± 44 ^ef	381 ± 22 ^cde	430 ± 22 ^bcde
160/15 min	7187 ± 119 ^ab	632 ± 46 ^bc	96.81 ± 3.96 ^gh	1678 ± 81 ^abc	1103 ± 56 ^cd	381 ± 23 ^cde	406 ± 7 ^def
160/20 min	7193 ± 86 ^ab	603 ± 18 ^bcd	109.17 ± 1.61 ^def	1753 ± 22 ^ab	1077 ± 17 ^cd	406 ± 4 ^abcd	448 ± 6 ^abc
170/5 min	6772 ± 209 ^bc	644 ± 72 ^b	97.56 ± 0.08 ^fgh	1668 ± 75 ^abcd	1111 ± 33 ^bcd	394 ± 17 ^abcd	427 ± 16 ^bcde
170/10 min	6649 ± 110 ^cd	598 ± 29 ^bcd	103.03 ± 1.53 ^efg	1650 ± 53 ^abcd	1233 ± 73 ^ab	401 ± 27 ^abcd	440 ± 18 ^abcd
170/15 min	6231 ± 105 ^def	563 ± 28 ^cde	121.38 ± 6.25 ^c	1576 ± 23 ^cde	1305 ± 32 ^a	393 ± 12 ^bcd	410 ± 14 ^def
170/20 min	5417 ± 114 ^g	422 ± 21 ^gh	151.35 ± 7.65 ^a	1359 ± 27 ^f	1161 ± 64 ^bc	348 ± 19 ^e	376 ± 18 ^f
180/5 min	6791 ± 124 ^bc	543 ± 3 ^def	113.60 ± 1.26 ^cde	1672 ± 30 ^abcd	801 ± 55 ^fg	438 ± 9 ^a	472 ± 10 ^a
180/10 min	6066 ± 19 ^ef	477 ± 27 ^fg	115.55 ± 2.12 ^cd	1458 ± 8 ^ef	824 ± 39 ^fg	380 ± 6 ^cde	404 ± 12 ^ef
180/15 min	6208 ± 94 ^def	403 ± 15 ^h	134.76 ± 2.32 ^b	1485 ± 38 ^ef	796 ± 17 ^g	387 ± 8 ^cd	411 ± 11 ^cdef
180/20 min	6559 ± 42 ^cd	374 ± 4 ^h	149.59 ± 5.70 ^a	1584 ± 9 ^cde	806 ± 15 ^fg	417 ± 5 ^abc	449 ± 8 ^abc
190/5 min	6526 ± 33 ^cde	523 ± 11 ^ef	100.05 ± 0.72 ^fgh	1636 ± 16 ^bcd	994 ± 17 ^de	428 ± 4 ^ab	472 ± 4 ^a
190/10 min	6309 ± 56 ^cdef	360 ± 11 ^hi	139.75 ± 3.04 ^b	1578 ± 423 ^cde	898 ± 44 ^efg	414 ± 8 ^abcd	465 ± 14 ^ab
190/15 min	6241 ± 130 ^def	295 ± 19 ⁱ	151.92 ± 2.73 ^a	1552 ± 44 ^de	876 ± 41 ^efg	439 ± 4 ^a	470 ± 20 ^a
190/20 min	5940 ± 115 ^f	214 ± 17 ^j	151.62 ± 2.8 ^a	1489 ± 31 ^e	895 ± 38 ^efg	414 ± 12 ^abcd	466 ± 10 ^a

Means with different letter superscripts in each column are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each. Values are mean ± SD of three replicates (n = 3). RT- retention time, SPE- sinapine equivalent, SAE- sinapic acid equivalent, CE- canolol equivalent, DW- dry weight.