Figure 1.

Flowchart of the experimental steps. From 60 bovine lower incisors, 120 polished enamel specimens were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups: Aqua demin (control), cerium(III)-chloride (CeCl₃), oligopeptide p11-4, sodium fluoride (NaF), and amine fluoride (AmF). The surface elemental composition (Ce, N, F, Ca, P, O, Na, Mg) was measured in three fields of the treated enamel surface using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The accumulation on the surface was analyzed in cross-sections by EDX linescans and two-dimensional EDX element mappings.