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Schematic diagram showing the roles of DEX in the PVN in regulating sympathetic activity. Abbreviations: AC, adenylate cyclase; DEX, dexmedetomidine; GABAAR, type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptor; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; NE, norepinephrine; NOX, NADPH oxidase; PKA, protein kinase A; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; α1R, α1 adrenergic receptor; α2R, α2 adrenergic receptor.
