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. 2022 Dec 15;9(12):808. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering9120808

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Primary types of cell cultivation systems, bioreactors, and automated systems. Cell cultivation systems are simple, require additional equipment, and involve manual cell processing at all steps. Bioreactors are more mechanized and allow certain steps to be completed in a closed aseptic mode. Semi-automated and automated systems are highly autonomous and require minimal human intervention.