Table 4.

Yields HCQAs extracted from plants and wastes.

HCQAs	Plant Type and Part	Extraction Method	Yield	Ref.
3-CQA	Mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.)	UAE	0.47 mg/mL	[89]
4-CQA			1.29 mg/mL
5-CQA			0.65 mg/mL
5-CQA	Spent coffee grounds	SLE	0.04–0.2 g/L extract	[77]
5-CQA	Silver skin from coffee	SLE	3%	[60]
5-CQA	Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonicae)	UAE	37.78 mg/g	[79]
5-CQA	Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) flower buds	SLE	23.08 mg/kg raw material	[82]
1,4-diCQA			0.32 mg/kg raw material
3,4-diCQA			42.46 mg/kg raw material
4,5-diCQA			14.62 mg/kg raw material
3,4,5-triCQA			4.62 mg/kg raw material
5-CQA	Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) cake	MAE	8.4 mg /g	[78]
5-CQA	Burdock (Arctium lappa) leaves	PLE	18.453 (g/kg extract)	[83]
		SFE	8.765(g/kg extract)
5-CQA	Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed kernels	SFE	9.06 mg/g raw material	[80]
5-CQA	Honeysuckle (L. japonica) flowers	EAE	~4%	[81]
5-CQA	Hardy rubber tree (Eucommia ulmoides) leaves	IL-EAE	~3–5.5 mg/g raw material	[75]
5-CQA	Bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) leaves	MSDDE	17.02 mg/g raw material	[90]
5-CQA	Coffee chaff	MMM	0.64–0.94 mg/g raw material	[91]
5-CQA	Coffee pulp	SLE-SSF	600 mg/kg raw material	[92]
3,4,5-triCQA 3,4-diCQA 3,5-diCQA 4,5-diCQA 3-CQA 3-C-FQA	Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peels	UAE	n.d.	[93]
3-CQA 4-CQA 5-CQA	Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) waste	SLE	n.d.	[94]
5-CQA	Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) waste	UAE	0.497%	[85]
5-CQA	Carrot (Daucus carota) pomace	UAE	17.58 μg/g	[86]
5-CQA	Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels	SLE UAE IAE	301–1220 μg/g DW	[71]
			284–1556 μg/g DW
			679–1562 μg/g DW
4-CQA	Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) bulbs waste	PLE	1.949 mg/g DW	[87]
3,4-diCQA			0.490 mg/g DW
1-CQA	Potatoes (Fontane) by-products	UAE	0.36 mg/g DW	[88]
5-CQA			3.04 mg/g DW
4-CQA			0.39 mg/g DW
5-FQA			0.05 mg/g DW
3,4-diCQA			0.09 mg/g DW
3,5-diCQA			0.40 mg/g DW
4,5-diCQA			0.16 mg/g DW

n.d.—no data presented.