Table 1.
Natural polysaccharides and their antioxidant effects.
| Category | Polysaccharides | Main Monosaccharides |
Model | Protective Mechanisms |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Higher plant polysaccharides |
Angelica sinensis polysaccharides |
Glucose, arabinose, and galacturonic acid. | Chondrocyte damage induced by H2O2. | Protect chondrocyte from H2O2-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting the caspase pathway. | [39] |
|
Gastrodia elata polysaccharides |
Glucose | Aging mice induced by D-galactose. | Delay aging by scavenging free radicals. | [66] | |
|
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides |
Arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and galacturonic acid. | Ultraviolet rays (UVR)-induced HSF cell damage. | Protect HSF cells from UVR damage by regulating Nrf2. | [113] | |
|
Astragalus polysaccharides |
Mannose, glucose, arabinose, and galactose. | Injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by H2O2. | Improve cellular antioxidant capacity and NO bioavailability. | [114] | |
| Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides | Mannose and glucose. | Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer in rats induced by 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine. | Reduce the level of 8-OHdG, and activate the Nrf2 pathway. | [115] | |
|
Portulaca oleracea polysaccharides |
Rhamnose, arabinose, and galactose. | Neurotoxicity induced by pb. | Protect PC12 cell by reducing the production of ROS and improving cell viability. | [116] | |
|
Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides |
Glucose, galactose, mannose, and xylose. | Isoproterenol (ISO) -induced myocardial infarction in rats. | Inhibit ISO-induced myocardial injury by enhancing endogenous antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemia activities. | [117] | |
| Momordica charantia polysaccharides | Rhamnose, galacturonic acid, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. | Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. | Inhibit oxidative stress and improve the HO-1/Nrf2 pathway to alleviate STZ-induced diabetes. | [118] | |
|
Pumpkin polysaccharides |
Glycuronate, galactose, and arabinose. | Pancreas β cells in the rat. | Protect pancreatic β cells from oxidative damage by reducing MDA level and increasing SOD activity, then play a hypoglycemic effect. | [119] | |
| Algal polysaccharides |
Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharides | Xylose, rhamnose, glycuronate, glucuronic acid, and galactose. | Oxidative damage of Caenorhabditis elegans induced by UV. | Improve the accumulation of ROS and DNA damage in cells by down-regulating miR-48 and miR-51, and up-regulating the expression of SKN-1 and DAF-16. | [16] |
|
Ulva pertusa polysaccharides |
Rhamnose, galactose, glucose, and xylose. | Oxidative damage of RAW264.7 cells induced by H2O2. | Up-regulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes. | [75] | |
|
Sargassum horneri polysaccharides |
Fucose, galactose, xylose, and glucuronic acid. | Oxidative damage of RAW264.7 cells induced by H2O2. | Reduce the ROS, NO, and MDA levels in cells and restore the activities of SOD and GSH-px. | [120] | |
| Microbial polysaccharides |
Lentinus edodes polysaccharides |
Xylose, glucose, and galactose. | H22 tumor-bearing mice. | Increase the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-px, and enhance the expression of IL-2, TNF-α, and VEGF. | [121] |
| Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides | Mannose, glucose, galactose, and xylose. | Aging mice induced by D-galactose. | Increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reduce lipid peroxidation, and improve inflammation and the state of aging. | [122] | |
|
Grifola frondose polysaccharides |
Glucose, galactose, and mannose. | Natural aging rats. | Improve memory impairment and histological changes in aged rats by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity. | [123] | |
| Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides | Glucose, mannose, rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose. | Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. | Inhibit DOX-induced oxidative stress by stabilizing the expression of Nrf2 in H9c2 cells and inhibiting cell apoptosis. | [124] | |
| Animal polysaccharides |
Rana chensinensis polysaccharides |
Glucose, galactose, and mannose. | Aging mice induced by D-galactose. | Improve the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver and serum, improve the total antioxidant capacity, and decrease MDA levels. | [110] |
| Chitosans | Glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine. | Human serum albumin is exposed to peroxy free radicals. | Protect albumin from oxidation by scavenging peroxy free radicals. | [112] | |
| Apostichopus japonicus polysaccharides | Glucosamine, galactosamine, glycuronate, mannose, glucose, galactose, and fucose. | Hyperlipidemia rats. | Reduce the triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein, and increase the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. | [125] |