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. 2022 Dec 7;12(12):1829. doi: 10.3390/biom12121829

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Effect of SCFAs on suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced upon stimulation with various pathogen strains in Caco-2 cells; (A) ETEC, (B) S. enterica, (C) F. nucleatum, (D) P. gingivalis. Lowercase letters represent significant differences in the expression of each cytokine upon stimulation with the pathogen alone and upon exposure to the pathogen combined with probiotic strains (p < 0.05). Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney U test.