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. 2022 Dec 15;12(12):1882. doi: 10.3390/biom12121882

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The three branches of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERS) and the unfolded protein response (UPR). When unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate, the UPR is triggered in the cell to restore endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. The UPR is transduced by three sensors: IRE1, PERK, and ATF6. Under ERS, Bip is separated from each of the three sensors, which allows them to be activated and subsequently activates downstream transcription factors that promote the expression of UPR target genes (ERAD components, CHOP, and ER chaperones). IRE1 is also involved in the regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) process to reduce the quantity of proteins entering the ER and alleviate ERS. This figure has been created with https://app.biorender.com (accessed on 20 July 2022).