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. 2022 Dec 12;12(12):1852. doi: 10.3390/biom12121852

Figure 2.

Figure 2

SF stimulates the expression of NF-kB signalling pathway genes, which leads to higher expression of vimentin, fibronectin, cyclin D1, and VEGF [72]. SF also stimulates MEK, PI3K, and JNK pathways, which leads to increased cell migration [77]. Abbreviations: IκB—inhibitor of NF-κB; NF-κB—nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; RAS—RAS protein; GTP—guanosine-5’-triphosphate; Raf—rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; MEK—mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase; ERK—extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PI3K—phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PDK1—phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; AKT—protein kinase B; MEKK—mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase; MKK4/MKK7—MAPK kinases; JNK—c-Jun N-terminal kinase; P—phosphorylated. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 14 November 2022).