Table 1.
Summary of recent studies focused on the optimal cultured medium in vitro for chrysanthemum proliferation.
| Plant Sp. | Explant Type | Medium Content | Responding | Survival Response | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chrysanthemum morifolium | Segments of nodal nodules with a single axillary bud | Full strength MS basal medium + BAP (0.1 mg/L) + sucrose (30 g/L) + agar (7 g/L w/v). | Bud induction | 96% | [46] |
| -MS medium + BAP (0.5 mg/L) | Shoot multipication | ||||
| -MS medium + 25 g/L psyllium husk + 20 g/L market sugar + RO | Shoot multiplication | ||||
| 1/2 strength MS medium + 0.6% agar + 20 g/L market sugar + 0.50 mg/L IBA | Root formation | ||||
|
Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum Ramat. Kitam. cv. Capitola |
Ligulate florets | -MS (Medium) + calcium and iron by half + 0.4 mg/L thiamine + 10 g/L sucrose, (6 weeks) 3 mg/L KIN + 0.5 mg/L (IAA) + 0.8% (w/v) agar Then (6 weeks) 1 mg/L KIN + 0.5 mg/L (IAA) + 0.8% (w/v) agar. |
Shoot multiplication 51.26% | N/A | [94] |
| Chrysanthemum morifolium cv.ziyan | Stems with axillary bud | -MS + 6-BA 2.0 mg·L−1 + NAA 1.0 mg·L−1. | Callus induction 100% and bud differentiation 92.22%. |
N/A Survival 100% |
[39] |
| -1/2 MS + NAA 0.2 mg·L−1 | Rooting 100% and average root number of 15.50 | ||||
| C.morifolium cv.niu9722 | Stems with axillary bud | -MS + 6-BA 2.0 mg·L−1 + NAA 0.5 mg·L−1 | Callus induction 100%+ bud differentiation 45.59% |
||
| MS + 6-BA 2.0 mg·L−1 + NAA 0.5 mg·L−1 | Stem proliferation | ||||
| 1/2 MS + NAA 0.3 mg·L−1 | Rooting 100% + average root number of 14.87 | ||||
| Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv., “Pasopati” | Leaf explants | MS + 1.0 mg L−1 + 0.5 mg L−1 BAP | Callus induction (1.55 g biomass weight) | N/A | [95] |
| MS + NAA (0.5 mg L−1) + BAP (0.5 mg L−1) | Shoot initiation (30 days after planting) + N. of shoots (5) + shoot length (2.9 cm) | ||||
| MS + 2iP (0.5 mg L−1) and BAP (2.0 mg L−1) | Shoot imitation after after 30 days + shoot length (1.88 cm) + shoot Num. (1) | ||||
| MS + BAP 0.5 mg L−1 | Num.shoot (3) | ||||
| Chrysanthemum cv. Shinma | Leaf explant | MS + 0.5 BA mg/L + 0.5 NAA mg/L + 3 g L−1 of Gelrite under the 16 h photoperiod (37 L mol m−2 s−1) for 45 days | Shoot regeneration 60% | 95% | [34] |
| MS + 0.2 mg L−1 IBA under the 16 h photoperiod (37 L mol m−2 s−1) for 45 days | No. of roots/explant (12) + root length (10.7) | ||||
| Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat | Stem explant | SH basal medium + 1 mg/L IBA + 30 g/L sucrose + 3 g/L gelrite | The highest root no. (5.7) | 100% survival | [19] |
| SH basal medium + 1 mg/L IAA + 30 g/L sucrose + 3 g/L gelrite | The highest root length (36.2) | ||||
| Chrysanthemum morifolium | Nodal segments | MS medium + 1.0 mg/L BAP + 0.1 mg/L IAA | 90% shoot initiation and 5.5 cm average length of shoot per explant | N/A | [96] |
| MS medium + 1.0 mg/L BAP | 93% shoot proliferation, 5.7 cm average lengths of shoot per explant and 4.4 nodes per explant | ||||
| ½ MS medium + 0.2 mg/L IBA | 90% rooted micro cuttings; 9 cm length of root/explant + 11.8 no./explant | ||||
| Chrysanthemum morifolium | Nodal segment | MS + BA 2.0 mg/L | Shoot induction (80.00%) + shoot no. 3.00 at 28 DAI (days after induction) | 80% in shade condition and 75% in open atmospheric condition. | [45] |
| MS medium + BA 2.0 mg/L + 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L | Callus induction (76.00%) + shoot no. (3.20) at 40 DAI | ||||
| MS medium + BA 2.0 mg/L + IAA 1.0 mg/L | Shoot length 3.66 cm at 28 DAI | ||||
| 1/2MS + IAA 0.5 mg/L | Root induction (80.00%) within 13 days | ||||
| 1/2MS medium + BA 3.0 mg/L + IAA 1.5 mg/L | Root induction (76%) within 12.20 days | ||||
| 1/2MS medium + BA 2.0 mg/L + IAA 1.0 mg/L | Root no 4.20 at 28 DAI | ||||
| 1/2MS medium + 1.5 mg/L IAA | Root No. (5.40) at 28 DAI | ||||
|
(Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum/ Ramat./Kitam.) ‘Alchimist’ |
Leaf explants with or without callus | MS medium + 11.42 μM IAA + 2.66 μM BA + Irradiation conditions (MW = power of 800 W·cm−2 and the frequency of 2.45 GHz) |
40% adventitious shoot | Acclimization 100% | [97] |
| ½MS medium + half-strength macronutrients + (11.42 μM) of IAA for 10 days | Rooting 100% | ||||
| Chrysanthemum moliforium | Shoots (3 cm in length) | MR: ½ MS, 30 g L−1 sucrose, pH 5.8 8 g L−1 agar + 7.5 ppm AgNP | MO: After 15 weeks in the greenhouse, flowering 100% | After 4 weeks well adapted and rapidly grown |
[20] |
| MO: ½ MS, without sugar, pH 5.8 ½, nylon fill | |||||
|
Chrysanthemum morifolium CV. (Delistar White) |
Ray florets | MS medium + BAP 1.0 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L + sucrose 30 g/L + agar 5.5 g/L | -Callus induction -Shoot formation |
N/A | [30] |
| 1/2 strength (MS medium) + NAA 0.1 mg/L + sucrose 15 g/L + agar 5.5 g/L | Root induction | ||||
| Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema × grandiflorum) “Hornbill Dark” | Leaf segments | MS medium + 2 mg·L−1 2,4-D + 2 mg·L−1 BAP | 100% callogenesis rate + 95.56% callogenesis rate + (9.73) somatic embryo number |
N/A | [98] |
| Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema × grandiflorum) “Hornbill Dark” | Leaf explant | (MS) medium consisted of (3% sucrose, 0.7% agar, and 100 mg/L Myo-inositol.) + 9.09 μM 2,4-D + 4.65 μM BAP + 20 μM SNP | Callogenesis rate (100%), embryogenes rate (100%), and the number of somatic embryos per explant (57.8) |
N/A | [99] |
| (Chrysanthemum × morifolium/Ramat.) CV. Profesor Jerzy/ ‘Karolina |
Ovaries from Irradiated inflorescence |
Induction medium for 12 weeks: 1.0 mg dm−3 (BAP) + 1.0 mg dm−3 (2,4-D) | 33.3% (‘Karolina) induction callus | 89.18% survival for Profesor Jerzy | [14] |
| Regeneration medium for 18 weeks: 2.0 mg dm−3 kinetin + 1.0 mg dm−3 + (IAA) and 4.0 mg dm−3 glycine + pH 5.8 | Shoot induction (66.6% shoots for (Profesor Jerzy) | ||||
| Rooting medium: (MS based, supplemented with 2.0 mg dm−3 IAA, pH 5.8 | |||||
| Chrysanthemum indicum L. | Single nodes from shoots | 4 mg·L−1 Kin + 0.6 mg·L−1 IBA + (MS) | Shoot induction | N/A | [100] |
| 1/2 strength MS + 0.1 IBA | Root induction | ||||
| Ch. moliforium | Leaves (Four-week-old) |
MS medium + AgNP(4 PPM), 30 g L−1 sucrose + 8 g L−1 agar. + 0.2 mg L−1 (BA) | Shoot regeneration 100% after 4 week of culture | 100% | [62] |