| ACC | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
| AcCoA | Acetyl-coenzyme A |
| ACSL | Acyl-CoA synthetase |
| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate |
| AGE | Advanced glycation end-products |
| AICAR | AMPK activator |
| Akt | Akt protein kinase |
| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| ATCC | American tissue culture collection |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| BAEC | Bovine aortic endothelial cells |
| Bax | BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator |
| BCL-2 | B-cell lymphoma 2, apoptosis regulator |
| BIM-1 | Bisindolylmaleimide 1, protein kinase C inhibitor |
| BSA | Bovine serum albumin |
| Carn | Carnitine |
| CCK-8 | Cell counting kit-8 |
| cGMP | Cyclic guanosine monophosphate |
| CK-mt | Mitochondrial isoform of creatine kinase |
| COX2 | Cyclooxygenase 2 |
| CPT-1 | Carnitine-palmitoyl transferase |
| CrP | Creatine phosphate |
| DAF2-DA | Diaminofluorescein diacetate, fluorescent nitric oxide probe |
| DAG | Diacylglycerol |
| DCF | H2DCFDA, a cell-permeant indicator for reactive oxygen species |
| DHAP | Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
| DMEM | Cell growth medium formulation |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| EA.hy926 | HUVEC-derived endothelial cell line |
| EBM | Endothelial basal medium |
| ECGS | Endothelial cell growth supplement |
| EGF | Epidermal growth factor |
| EGM | Endothelial growth medium |
| EGM-2mv | Microvascular Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2 distributed by Lonza |
| eNOS | Endothelial NO synthase |
| EPC | Endothelial progenitor cells |
| Erk1/2 | Erk1/2 protein kinase |
| ER-stress | Endoplasmic reticulum stress |
| ET-1 | Endothelin-1 |
| ETC | Electron transport chain of mitochondria |
| F1,6PP | Fructose 1,6 biphosphate |
| F12 | Cell growth medium formulation |
| FADH2 | Flavin adenine dinucleotide reduced |
| FAO | Fatty acid oxidation |
| FBS | Fetal bovine serum |
| FFA | Free fatty acid |
| G3P | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
| G6P | Glucose-6-phosphate |
| GSH | Glutathione, reduced |
| GSK3β | Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta |
| HAEC | Human aortic endothelial cells |
| HAT | Hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine, cell growth medium supplement |
| HCAEC | Human coronary artery endothelial cells |
| HCEC | Human corneal endothelial cells |
| HG | High glucose |
| HK I/II | Hexokinase I/II isoform |
| HMEC-1 | Immortalized human dermal microvascular endothelial cells |
| HOMA-IR | Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance |
| HREC | Human retinal endothelial cells |
| HS-CoA | Free coenzyme A |
| HUAEC | Human umbilical artery endothelial cells |
| HUVEC | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells |
| ICAM-1 | Inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 |
| IKKβ | Inhibitor of NF-kB kinase subunit beta |
| IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
| iNOS | Inducible NOS |
| Ins | Insulin |
| IκBα | NF-κB inhibitor |
| JNK | JNK protein kinase |
| LCACoA | Long-chain acyl-coenzyme A |
| LD | lipid droplet |
| LNAME | L-Nω-nitroarginine methyl ester |
| LNMA | L-Nω-methylarginine, NOS inhibitor |
| LPL | Lipoprotein lipase |
| M199 | Cell growth medium formulation |
| MAG | Monoacylglycerol |
| MalCoA | Malonyl-coenzyme A |
| MCD | Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase |
| MCDB 131 | Cell growth medium formulation |
| MDA | Malondialdehyde |
| MEM | Cell growth medium formulation |
| MGO | Methylglyoxal |
| MHEC | Mouse heart endothelial cells |
| mTOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
| mTORC1 | Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 |
| MyD88 | Adaptor protein for Toll-like and interleukin-1 receptors |
| NAC | N-acetylcysteine |
| NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine nucleotide oxidized |
| NADH | Nicotinamide adenine nucleotide reduced |
| NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine nucleotide phosphate reduced |
| NEFA | Non-esterified fatty acid |
| NF-kB | Nuclear factor kB, transcription factor |
| NGF | Nerve growth factor |
| NO | Nitric oxide |
| NOX | NADPH-oxidases |
| OxPhos | Oxidative phosphorylation |
| p21WAF-1/Cip1 | Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 |
| p38 | p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases |
| PAI-1 | Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 |
| P-Akt | Phosphorylated Akt |
| P-AMPK | Phosphorylated AMPK |
| PARP-1 | Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 |
| PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
| P-eNOS | Phosphorylated eNOS |
| PGC-1α | Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha |
| PGE2 | Prostaglandin E2 |
| PGI2 | Prostaglandin I2 |
| PGIS | Prostaglandin I2 synthase |
| PI | Propidium iodide, fluorescent intercalating agent for DNA staining |
| PI3K | Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase |
| P-IKK | Phosphorylated IκB kinase |
| P-IRS | Phosphorylated IRS |
| P-JNK | Phosphorylated JNK |
| PKC | Protein kinase C |
| PMA | Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate |
| P-mTOR | Phosphorylated mTOR |
| P-p65 | Phosphorylated p65 |
| PTEN | Dual specificity phosphatase, dephosphorylates phosphoinositides/proteins |
| P-Tyr | Phospho-tyrosine |
| Q | Coenzyme Q, ubiquinone |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| SAP | Secreted alkaline phosphatase |
| SIRT-1 | Sirtuin-1, deacetylase |
| SNP | Sodium nitroprusside |
| SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
| T2D | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| TAG | Triacylglycerol |
| TCA | Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) |
| TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4 |
| TNFα | Tumor necrosis factor alpha |
| TRPV1 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 |
| TUNEL | DNA fragmentation assay |
| UCP | Uncoupling protein |
| UCP-1 | Uncoupling protein 1 |
| UCP-2 | Uncoupling protein 2 |
| VCAM-1 | Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 |
| WB | Western blotting |
| 3-MA | 3-Methyladenine |
| 3-OMG | 3-O-Methylglucose |
| β-Ox | β-Oxidation of fatty acids |
| ΔμH+ | Membrane electrochemical potential |
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