| DD | developmental disorders |
| LMIC | low middle income countries |
| HIC | high income countries |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| G x E | gene- environment |
| COVID | coronavirus disease |
| MPF | maternal-placental-fetal |
| MIA | maternal immune activation |
| IPS | ischemic placental syndrome’ |
| FIR | fetal inflammatory response |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
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