Figure 2.

Pathophysiological factors underlying the development and aggravation of diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy (DCAN). AGE, advanced glycation end-products; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end-products; GlcNAc, N-acetyl glucosamine; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PKC, protein kinase C; NOX, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; GSH, reduced glutathione; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; IKKβ, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Source: Own authorship.