Table 1.

The advantages and disadvantages of all generation of glucose biosensor.

Types of Glucose Sensor	Advantages	Disadvantages	Reference
First Generation (Enzymatic)	Simple biosensor design	Need high operating voltage (>1 V) Limit to solubility of oxygen in biological fluid Deactivation of enzyme due to production of H2O2	[82]
Second Generation (Enzymatic)	Low operating potential (<0.6 V) Mediator aid in electron transfer Less dependence on oxygen presence	Mediator leaching due to small and easy to diffuse properties Competition with dissolved O2 Possible to react with interfering species	[66]
Third Generation (Enzymatic)	High selectivity and specificity Nanomaterials facilitate direct electron transfer Low operating potential (<0.6 V)	Requires high conductivity of nanomaterial FAD redox co-factor of enzyme buried deep inside Enzyme leaching	[79]
Fourth Generation (Non-Enzymatic)	High stability Low production cost, as do not use enzyme	Low specificity High interference against interfering species	[35]