Table 2.

Types of disposable electrode, advantages, disadvantages, and examples of each type of the disposable electrodes.

Types	Advantages	Disadvantages	Example	References
Carbon-based	▪High conductivity ▪Good chemical stability ▪Excellent electrochemical properties ▪Wide potential ranges ▪Low background current ▪Low cost	▪SPCE has low temperature workability (~100 °C) ▪Require electrochemical pre-treatment to obtain stable baseline ▪High background current due to polymer binder	▪Screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) ▪Carbon pastes electrode (CPE) ▪Graphite rod ▪Graphite Pencil Electrode (GPE)	[114,115,116]
Glass-based	▪High conductivity ▪Good electrochemical properties ▪Low background current ▪Good substrate adhesion ▪High Temperature stability (~500 °C) ▪Lower cost than carbon-based and solid electrode	▪Low wettability with contact angle ~90° ▪Slow electron-transfer kinetic	▪Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) ▪Fluorine Tin Oxide (FTO)	[117,118,119]
Flexible-based (Paper, polymer and Textile)	▪Lightweight ▪Flexible for bending and stretching ▪Inexpensive ▪Microfluidic	▪Low mechanical stability ▪Low electrochemical performance	▪Filter paper ▪Photo paper ▪Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film ▪Polyetheretherketone, (PEEK) ▪Carbon cloth	[120,121,122]