Table 3.
Summary of enzymatic glucose biosensors based on metal-based nanomaterials and nanohybrid/nanocomposite.
| Electrode Modification | Nanomaterials Modified Electrode | Enzyme/ Immobilization Technique |
Applied Potential | Linearity (mM) |
Sensitivity (µA mM−1 cm−2) |
LOD (µM) | Stability/Lifetime | Sample | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AuNP-GOx-AuNPs/ODA-Pt | Langmuir–Blodgett deposition | GOx-Adsorption | 0.60 V | 0.1–5 | 0.52 | 63 | 95% 6 month |
- | [127] |
| AuNP/GOx/ODA-Pt | Langmuir–Blodgett deposition | GOx-Adsorption | 0.60 V | 0.1–5 | 0.36 | 59 | 95% 6 month |
- | |
| GOx/AuNPs/Pt/ODA-Pt | Langmuir–Blodgett deposition | GOx-Adsorption | 0.60 V | 0.1–5 | 0.31 | 59 | 95% 6 month |
- | |
| GOx/ODA-Pt | Langmuir–Blodgett deposition | GOx-Adsorption | 0.60 V | 0.1–5 | 0.21 | 7 | 95% 6 month |
- | |
| Nafion/GOx/AuNPs/OPPy/Au-PLA-MNs | Electrodeposition | GOx-Crosslink (GA) | 0.75 V | 0–2.6 | 8.09 | 40 | 14 days | - | [134] |
| GOx/AuNPs/PHCQE-Graphite | Electropolymerization | GOx-Crosslink (GA) | –0.70 V | 0.75–3.125 | 0.13 | 17 | 42 days | Beverage | [136] |
| Nafion/GOx-TCA/Au Microneedle | Electropolymerization | GOx-Covalent (EDC/NHS) |
0.45 V | 0–22.2 | 0.22 | 19.4 | 94% 30 days |
Human Serum | [135] |
| PPy/GOx/AuNPs/ Graphite Rod |
Electrodeposition | GOx-Crosslink (GA) |
0.30 V | 0–19.9 | 21.70 | 200 | 9.8 days | Human Serum | [139] |
| GOx-SAM/Dendritic Au Nanostructure/ Graphite rod |
Electrodeposition | GOx-Covalent (EDC/NHS) | 0.30 V | 0.1–10 | - | 19 | 73.25% 12 days |
Human blood glucose | [105] |
| GA-GOx/Dendritic Au Nanostructure/Graphite rod | Electrodeposition | GOx-Crosslink (GA) | 0.30 V | 0.1–10 | - | 22 | 66.20% 12 days |
Human blood glucose | |
| GOx/3D Au/carbon paper | Electrodeposition | GOx-Covalent (EDC/NHS) and Crosslink (GA) | 0.25 V | 0.002–21.97 | 96.27 | 0.6 | 80% 30 days |
Human serum | [140] |
| GOx/PANI hydrogel/Pt | Chemical reduction | GOx-Crosslink (GA) |
0.56 V | 0.01–8 | 96.1 | 0.7 | - | - | [133] |
| GOx-PoPD/PtNPs/ PVF + ClO4−/Pt |
Electrodeposition | GOx-Electropolymerization | 0.60 V | 0.06–9.64 | 17.4 | 18 | 95% 15 days |
Blood serum sample | [137] |
| GOx-PtNPs-PAA-aSPCEs | PtNPs-Electrodeposition PAA-Elctropolymerization |
GOx-Adsorption | 0.20 V | 0.02–2.3 | 42.7 | 7.6 | 50% 7 days |
Commercial juices | [138] |
| GOx/Pt film/o-phenylenediamine-ß-cyclodextrin/Au | Electrodeposition | GOx-Electropolymerization | 0.25 V | 2.5–15 | 111.21 | 0.75 mM | 93.22% 4 days |
Human serum sample | [146] |
| PU-PEG/GOx/Pt film/Au-PET | Electroplatting Pt film | GOx-Crosslink (GA) |
0.65 V | 0.5–25 | 3.418 | 0.25 | 90% 23 days |
Beverage | [147] |
| GOx/Pt/rGO/poly(3-aminobenzoic acid/SPCE | Co-Electrodeposition | GOx-Covalent (EDC, NHS) | 0.50 V | 0.25–6.00 | 22.0 | 44.3 | 86% 7 days |
Serum sample | [148] |
| Nafion/GOx/PtNP-CGr-f@MWCNTs /Au |
Pt-Electrodeposition CGr-F@MWCNT-Drop Casted |
GOx-Covalent (EDC, NHS) | 0.50 V | 0.005–13 | 26.5 | 5 | 21 days | - | [149] |
| Nafion/GOx/Graphene/ PtNPs |
Drop Casted | GOx-Crosslink (GA) |
0.60 V | 0.005–0.5 | - | 0.01 | 75.45% 31 days |
Human serum sample | [150] |
| GOx/Fc-bPEI-AuNPs/GCE | Drop Casted | GOx-Crosslink (GA) |
0.43 V | 0.5–10 | 800 | 0.04 | - | - | [151] |
| GOx/PPy/AuNPs/SP-Graphene Ink-PET | Electrodeposition | GOx-Electropolymerization | 0.40 V | 1–10 | 14.453 nA/mM | - | 90% 30 days |
- | [122] |
| Nafion/GOx/Au–Ni coaxial nanorod array/Au electrode | Nano electroforming and immersion gold | GOx-Adsorption | 0.40 V | 0.028–27.5 | 778.2 | 5.5 | 87% 30 days |
- | [152] |
| Nafion/GOx/Pd-MWCNT-SPCE Bulk | MWCNT-CVD Impregnate Pd |
GOx-Adsorption | –0.20 V | 0.41–4.12 | –6.36 | 0.02 | 14 days | Human blood glucose | [95] |
| Nafion/GOx/Pd-MWCNT/SPCE | MWCNT-CVD Impregnate Pd |
GOx-Absorption | –0.20 V | 0.41–4.12 | –5.05 | 0.14 | 14 days | Human blood glucose | |
| GOx-Graphene-PEI-AuNPs/Au Electrode | Microwave-irradiation | GOx-Crosslink (GA) | –0.35 V | 0.001–0.1 | 93 | 0.32 | 88% 10 days |
Human Serum | [111] |
| GOx-Graphene-Thiol/Au Nanocube/ Au disk |
Au Nanocube-Electrodeposition | GOx-Adsorption | –0.40 V | 0–0.8 | 221.0 | - | 79.3% 14 days |
- | [143] |
| GOx-Chitosan/rGO-AuNPs/ | rGO-AuNPs- Drop Casted |
GOx-Covalent (Chitosan) |
–0.30 V | 0.1–1.3 | 34 | 76 | 70% 36 days |
- | [153] |
| GOx/AuNPs/PENDI/PGE | AuNPs-Electrodeposition PENDI-Electropolymerization |
GOx-Adsorption | - | 0.0009–0.33 | 0.172 | 0.0407 | - | - | [154] |
| Nafion/GOx/Carbon Fibre-Hemain AuNP/ Graphite Electrode |
Carbon Fibre-AuNPs- Drop Casted |
GOx-Nanoenzyme | –0.10 V | 0.1–0.9 | 909.5 A⋅M−1⋅m−2. | 0.05 | - | Beverage | [155] |
| Au@rGO/PIn/Ferritin/GOx/GCE | Electrodeposition | GOx | - | 50 | 7.2 mA cm−2 | - | - | - | [156] |
| Graphite NPs-Pyrene-GOx/GCE | Drop Casted | GOx-Crosslink (pyrenebutyric-NHS) | 0.60 V | 0–2.2 | 7.29 × 10−2 nA | 50 | 30 days | Urine | [157] |
| GOD-CS/AgNWs/GCE | Drop Casted | GOx-Covalent (Chitosan) |
–0.15 V | 0.01–0.8 | - | 2.83 | 83% 10 days |
Human blood glucose | [158] |
Abbreviations: ODA, octadecylamine; OPPy/Au-PLA-MNs, overoxidise polypyrole/gold-polylactic acid-microneedles array; PHCQE, polymerization dihydrothieno [3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-3-(9-hexyl-9H-carbazole-3-yl)quinoxalin-2-yl)-9-hexyl9H-carbazole monomer; TCA, terthiophene carboxylic acid; SAM, self-assembly; GA, glutaraldehyde; PoPD, polyvinyl fluoride and o-phenylenediamineand polyvinylferrocenium perchlorate; PMS, nmethylphenazonium methyl sulphate; PAA, poly(Azure A); aSPCE, activated SPCE; PU-PEG, polymerized indole, polyurethane-poly(ethylene glycol); PET, polyethylene terephthalate film; bPEI, polyethylenimine; PPy, polypyrrole; Sp, screen-printed; PENDI, polymerized N,N′-bis(2-hexyl)-2,6-(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenimide; PGE, pencil graphite electrode; AuCS, Au cylindrical spiral; f@MWCNTs, functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes; PIn, polymerization of indole; rGO, reduced grapheme oxide; CS, chitosan.