Table 5.
Summary of enzymatic glucose biosensors metal oxide-based nanomaterials and nanohybrid/nanocomposite.
| Electrode Modification |
Nanomaterials Modified Electrode | Enzyme/ Immobilization Technique |
Applied Potential | Linearity (mM) |
Sensitivity (µA mM−1 cm−2) |
Stability/ Lifetime |
LOD (µM) | Sample | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOx-PVA-IONPs/Sn | Drop-casted | GOx-Adsorption | –0.19 V | 0.005–30 | 9.36 | 81% 30 days |
8 | - | [96] |
| Nafion/GOx/Pt/IONPs-MWCNTs-CS/MGCE | Electrodeposition | GOx-Adsorption | 0.30 V | 0.006–6.2 | - | 86.8% 14 days |
2 | - | [175] |
| Nafion/GOx/Nafion-IONPs@SiO2-MWCNT/GCE | Drop-casted | GOx-Adsorption | 0.10 V | 0.001–30 | - | - | 0.8 | - | [97] |
| GOx/IONPs-AuNPs-CS/Au | Electrochemical deposition | GOx-Adsorption | –0.40 V | 0.003–0.57 | - | 82.6% 14 days |
1.2 | - | [176] |
| Nf/CS-IONPs-GOx/Pt | Drop-casted | GOx-Crosslink (GA) | 0.40 V | 0.006–2.2 | 11.54 | 84% 30 days |
6 | Human Serum | [177] |
| Nf-GOx-HRP/AuNPs-IONPs@SiO2/ITO | Drop-casted | GOx-Crosslink (GA) | –0.20 V | 0.05–1.0 1.0–8.0 |
92.14 15.00 |
94.8% 30 days |
10 | Human Serum | [191] |
| GOx/AuNPs/BSA-IONPs/Pt | Immersed | Covalent GOx-BSA | 0.40 V | 0.25–7.0 | 115.13 | 81% 30 days |
3.54 | [112] | |
| GOx/IONPs/CS-Graphene/Pt | Drop-casted | Gox- Covalent (EDC/NHS) |
0.50 V | 0–26 | 5.658 | 75.7% 30 days |
16 | - | [192] |
| GOx-Au-PDA-IONPs/MGCE | Drop-casted | Co-polymerization GOx | –0.50 V | 0.02–1.875 | - | 95% 30 days |
6.5 | Human Serum | [31] |
| GOx/rGO-IONPs/MSPCE | Drop-casted | Electrostatic interaction GOx | –0.45 V | 0.05–1.0 | 5.90 | 95.1% 30 days |
0.1 | - | [142] |
| GOx-IONPs@AuNPs/MnO2-SPCE | Drop-casted | GOx-Adsorption | 0.38 V | 0.2–9.0 | 2.52 | 80% 30 days |
13.2 | Beverage | [193] |
| Nafion/GOx/IONPs-CA/SPCE | Drop-casted | GOx-Adsorption | –0.43 V. | 0.02–0.25 0.25–8.00 | 175 5.31 |
60% 30 days |
7 | - | [171] |
| Nafion/GOx/IONPs-CA/ITO | Drop-casted | GOx-Adsorption | 0.0001–0.005 0.005–20.0 |
995.57 5.81 |
- | - | [163] | ||
| L-Cys/GOx/PVA/ ZnO/Au |
Sputtered Deposition and Direct Growth | GOx-Adsorption | 0.06 V | 0.25–19 | 70.2 | 94% 45 days |
1 | Urine | [179] |
| GOx/ZnO Nanotube/AuCS | Hydrothermal Direct Growth | GOx-Adsorption | 0.80 V | 0–6.5 | 2.63 | 80.8% 20 days |
8 | Human Serum | [194] |
| GOx/ZnO Nanowire/ Carbon/Polymide |
Flexographic printing | GOx-Adsorption | 0.80 V | 0–1.7 | - | - | 1200 | - | [181] |
| Nafion/GOx/ZnO Nanorod/Zn foil | Hydrothermal Direct Growth | GOx-Adsorption | 0.50 V | 0.006–0.38 | 35.1 | - | - | - | [180] |
| Nafion/GOx/ZnO/Au | Drop-casted | GOx-Adsorption | 0.80 V | 0.01–5.9 | 23.43 | - | 10 | - | [178] |
| Nafion/GOx/ZnO Nanorod/Au/ SiO2-Si |
Hydrothermal Direct Growth | GOx-Adsorption | 0.40 V | 1–10 | 315 | 89% 11 days |
166.6 | - | [195] |
| GOx/ZnO Nanowire/Au-PET | Electrodeposition | GOx-Adsorption | 0.80 V | 0.2–2 | 19.5 | - | 50 | - | [196] |
| GA-GOx/rGO-Fc/GCE | Drop-casted | GOx-Crosslink (GA) Ferrocene | 0.35 V | 2–10 | - | 70% 14 days |
0.02 | Human Serum and Juice | [197] |
| GOx/rGO-Fc(COOH)2/GCE | Drop-casted | GOx-Adsorption -COOH F(x) | 0.35 V | 1–10 | - | 70% 14 days |
0.04 | Human Serum and Juice | |
| GOx-SiO2/Lig/Fc/CPE | Casted | Gox absorption with ferrocene mediator | 0.60 V | 0.5–9 | 0.78 | 73% 21 days |
145 | Liquid Glucose | [114] |
| Au@rGO/PIn/Ferritin/GOx/GCE | Electropolyme-rization | GOx-Elctropolymeri zation |
LSV | 50 | 7.2 mA cm−2 | - | - | - | [156] |
| Graphite NPs-Pyrene-Gox/GCE | Drop-casted | GOx-Crosslink (pyrenebutyric acid/NHS) | 0.60 V | 0–2.2 | 7.29 × 10−2 nA | 30 days | 50 | Urine | [157] |
| GOx-CS/AgNWs/GCE | Drop-casted | GOx-CS | -0.15 V | 0.01– 0.8 | - | 83% 10 days |
2.83 | Human Blood Glucose | [158] |
| Nafion/GOx/Fe3O4 /ZnONFs/Au/PET |
ZnO-Hydrothermal Direct Growth Fe3O4-Drop-casting |
GOx-Adsorption | 0.80 V | 0.089–12.5 | 4.52 | - | 0.089 | Human Blood Glucose | [161] |
| Nafion/GOx/ZnO Nanoflower/Au/PET | Hydrothermal Direct Growth |
GOx-Adsorption | 0.80 V | 0.15–8.5 | 0.57 | - | 0.105 | Human Blood Glucose | [161] |
| Nafion/GOx/Pt Nanodendrite/ZnO NR/ITO | Hydrothermal Direct Growth and Spin-coated |
GOx-Adsorption | - | 1–18 | 5.85 | - | 1.56 | - | [169] |
| Nafion/ZnONR/ITO | Hydrothermal Direct Growth |
GOx-Adsorption | –0.5 V | 0.05–1 1–20 |
48.75 3.87 |
85% 14 days |
- | Human Blood Glucose | [189] |
| Nafion/GOx/AuNP/ ZnONR/ITO |
Hydrothermal Direct Growth and Drop-casted |
GOx-Adsorption | –0.5 V | 0.05–1.0 1.0–20 |
14.53 2.54 |
- | - | - | [198] |
| Nafion/GOx/PtNDs/ZnONRs/ITO | Hydrothermal Direct Growth and Drop-casted |
GOx-Adsorption | –0.5 V | 0.05–1 1–18 |
98.34 9.76 |
76.1% 30 days |
0.03 | Human Blood Glucose | [190] |
| Nafion/GOx/Au/ZnONRs/ITO | Electrodeposition | GOx-Adsorption | 0.80 V | 0–20 | 20.19 | - | 0.5 | - | [118] |
Abbreviations: PVA, polyvinyl alcohol; AuCS, IONPS, iron oxide nanoparticles; Cs, chitosan; MWCNTs, multiwalled carbon nanotube; MGCE, magnetic glass carbon electrode; PDA, polydopamine; rGo, reduced graphene oxide; MSPCE, magnetic screen-printed carbon electrode; L-Cys, L-cystene; Lig, Lignin; Au cylindrical spiral; Pin, polymerization indole; Fc(COOH)2,ferrocene dicarboxylic acid; PET, polyethylene terephthalate; ZnO NR, zinc oxide nanorods.