Table 7.
Summary of the non-enzymatic glucose biosensors based on metal-based nanomaterials, metal oxide-based nanomaterials and nanohybrid/nanocomposite.
| Electrode Modification |
Nanomaterials Modified Electrode | Applied Potential | Linearity (mM) |
Sensitivity (µA mM−1 cm−2) |
LOD (µM) | Sample | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoporous Pt/GCE | Alloying–dealloying via electrochemical deposition |
0.45 V | 0.0001–8.14 | - | 7.75 | Human blood serum | [208] |
| Nanoporous Pt | Alloying–dealloying via electrochemical deposition |
0.40 V | 1–13 | - | - | Human blood serum | [203] |
| Nanoporous Au/Au | Alloying–dealloying via electrochemical deposition |
0.10 V | 0.002–8.11 | 4374.6 | 0.36 | Human blood serum | [204] |
| AuNPs/PANI/Carbon cloth | Electropolymerization | - | 0.01–10 | 150.0 | 3.08 | - | [209] |
| AuNP/GCE | Seed-mediated growth | - | 0.1–25 | 87.5 | 50 | - | [205] |
| AuNPs/ITO | Electrodeposition | 0.10 V | 0.002–8.11 | 4374.6 | 0.36 | Human blood serum | [210] |
| Concave Pt-Pd/Au | Drop-casted Pt-Pd ink | −0.05 V | 2.4–10.6 | 11.06 | 0.15 | Serum R: 98.8–99.85% |
[34] |
| Core-shell Pt-Pd/Au | Drop-casted Pt-Pd ink | −0.05 V | 2.4–9.4 | 9.939 | 0.14 | - | |
| Core-shell Pt-Pd-Pt Island/Au | Drop-casted Pt-Pd ink | −0.05 V | 1.8–9.4 | 9.715 | 0.14 | - | |
| Stellated Pt-Pd/Au | Drop-casting Pt-pd ink in isopropanol and Nafion | −0.05 V | 1.8−6 | 11.62 | 0.17 | - | |
| CuNP-Polyaniline/GCE | Electropolymerization | 0.20 V | 0.4−4 | 0.474 | - | - | [212] |
| Cu microspheroids/Carbon-Nomex | Electroplating | 0.50 V | 0.001−3.3 | 250 | 1.75 | - | [213] |
| CuO urchin/Carbon-Nomex | Electroplating | 0.50 V | 0.001−3.3 | 320 | 7.56 | - | |
| Nanoporous Cu/SPCE | Colloidal crystal templating technique | 0.60 V | 0.2–1 4–100 |
3411 | 0.1 | - | [214] |
| Ni nanostructure/ AuNPs/FTO |
Physical vapour deposition; electrodeposition | 0.65 V | 0.005–3.5 3.5–7 |
893 | 0.7 | Human blood serum | [206] |
| Nafion/Pd@PtOctahedral/CE (76.2 nm) |
Seed-mediated growth | −0.05 V | 0.25–6 6–20 0.25–5 |
74.71 28.1 53.14 |
20.4 | - | [219] |
| Nafion/Pd@PtNanocubic/CE (62.7 nm) | Seed-mediated growth | −0.05 V | 5–20 0.25–5 |
22.9 44.3 |
24.1 | - | |
| Nafion/Pd@PtRhobohe- dral/CE (79.3 nm) |
Seed-mediated growth | −0.05 V | 5–20 | 20.1 | 33.5 | - | |
| 1D IONRs-Array/foil | Electrochemical anodization | +0.6 V | 0.005–0.77 0.76–3.67 |
406.9 134.1 |
0.1 | Human blood serum | [222] |
| IO-ZNRs/FET | Hydrothermal growth | - | 0.05–22 | 105.75 | 12 | Mouse Blood Serum | [221] |
| IONTs-Array/FTO | Hydrothermal growth | +0.6 V | 0.0001–0.125 0.125–1 1–5 |
673.3 71.2 9.58 |
0.1 | - | [220] |
| IONWs-MGCE | Drop-casting | +0.52 V | 0.015–8 | 726.9 | 6 | Human blood serum | [225] |
| PPy-Chitosan-IONPs/ITO | Electrochemical deposition | +0.18 V | 1–16 | 12 | 234 | [186] | |
| IONPs/Graphene-Chitosan/Pt | Immersion | +0.5 V | 0–26 | 5.658 | 16 | - | [192] |
| CO defected-CO3O4/GCE | Drop-casting | 0.55 V | 0.2 µM–0.5 mM | 2595.7 | 0.16 | Glucose drink | [207] |
| SnOx-CuO Nanorod/GCE | Drop-casting and Nafion mix | 0.60 V | 0.001–6 | 2303 | 3.08 | Saliva | [223] |
| Pt-gC3N4/ZnO/Au | Simple pyrolysis and chemical reduction | 0.20 V | 0.25–110 mM | 3.34 | 0.1 | Human blood serum and urine | [202] |
| N2-doped carbon aerogel (NCA) embedded with CoNx/GCE | Drop-casting and Nafion mix | 0.30 | 0.5 μM to 6 mM | - | 0.1 | Saliva and human serum | [226] |
| Ni-Cu LDH@Cu(OH)2 NWs/CuF electrode | Device | 0.5 | 0.006–1.6 | 7.08 | 1.3 | - | [227] |
| Pd nanowire- 3D-PANI/GCE | Electrodeposition of PdNW | 0.05 | 0.005–9.8 | 146.6 | 0.7 | Serum sample RE: 98.1 to 102.6% |
[228] |
| Pt Nanoporous/ SPCE |
Drop-cast | 0.4 | 0–29.97 | - | - | Human whole blood | [125] |
| CS-PPy/TiO2/FTO | Electrodeposition | 0.13 | 1–11 | 302.0 | 6.7 | - | [229] |
| PPy/GOx/DGNs/ Graphite |
Electrodeposition/polymerization enzymatic | 0.30 V | 19.9 | 59.4 | 0.07 | Human serum, saliva, wine, milk, juice | [230] |
Abbreviation: CE, carbon electrode; 1D IONRs, one-dimensional iron oxide nanorods; FET, field effect transisitor; IONTs, iron oxide nanotube; Pt-gC3N4, platinum doped carbon nitride; CoNx, DGNs, LDH, layered double hydroxide; FTO, fluorine doped tin oxide; DGNs, dendritic gold nanostructures; Nomex sheet, meta-polyaramid.