Table 3.
Peri- and postoperative factors associated with development of ARDS.
| Patient Characteristics | Total | NO ARDS | YES ARDS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients (%) | Patients (%) | Patients (%) | p-Value | |
| SURGERY | ||||
| Duration of surgery | ||||
| <180 min | 117 (55.7) | 107 (58.5) | 10 (37.0) | |
| ≥180 min | 93 (44.3) | 76 (41.5) | 17 (63.0) | 0.04 |
| Side | ||||
| Right | 107 (50.7) | 89 (48.6) | 18 (64.3) | |
| Left | 104 (49.3) | 94 (51.4) | 10 (35.7) | 0.16 |
| Histology | ||||
| Adenocarcinoma | 96 (45.5) | 84 (45.9) | 12 (42.9) | |
| Squamous or adenosquamous | 88 (41.7) | 72 (39.3) | 16 (57.1) | |
| Other | 27 (12.8) | 27 (14.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.03 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) | ||||
| 1–3 | 78 (37.0) | 74 (40.4) | 4 (14.3) | |
| 4 | 69 (32.7) | 60 (32.8) | 9 (32.1) | |
| 5–13 | 64 (30.3) | 49 (26.8) | 15 (53.6) | 0.002 |
| ASA | ||||
| 1–2 | 171 (81.0) | 155 (84.7) | 16 (57.1) | |
| 3–5 | 40 (19.0) | 28 (15.3) | 12 (42.9) | 0.002 |
| ANESTH/VENTILATION | ||||
| PEEP | ||||
| Median (range) | 5 (0-12) | 5 (0-12) | 5 (3-10) | 0.82 |
| Postop NIV | ||||
| No | 182 (86.3) | 178 (97.3) | 4 (14.3) | |
| Yes | 29 (13.7) | 5 (2.7) | 24 (85.7) | <0.0001 |
| Intraop ECMO | ||||
| No | 203 (96.2) | 178 (97.3) | 25 (89.3) | |
| Yes | 8 (3.8) | 5 (2.7) | 3 (10.7) | 0.07 |
| MVE | ||||
| Median (range) | 8 (0.4–15) | 8 (3–15) | 8 (0.4–10) | 0.95 |
| Fluid balance (missing for 23) | ||||
| Median (range) | 1100 (0–7700) | 1036 (0–7700) | 1468 (149–4900) | 0.03 |
| ≤500 | 28 (14.9) | 26 (15.9) | 2 (8.3) | |
| >500–1000 | 54 (28.7) | 49 (29.9) | 5 (20.8) | |
| >1000–1500 | 55 (29.3) | 49 (29.9) | 6 (25.0) | |
| >1500 | 51 (27.1) | 40 (24.4) | 11 (45.8) | 0.04 |
| Corticosteroids (missing for 6) | ||||
| No | 205 (97.2) | 178 (97.3) | 27 (96.4) | |
| Yes | 6 (2.8) | 5 (2.7) | 1 (3.6) | 0.34 |
| Blood transfusion (PRE) | ||||
| No | 187 (89.0) | 161 (88.5) | 26 (92.9) | |
| Yes | 23 (11.0) | 21 (11.5) | 2 (7.1) | 0.75 |
| Blood transfusion (POST) | ||||
| No | 162 (77.1) | 143 (78.6) | 19 (67.9) | |
| Yes | 48 (22.9) | 39 (21.4) | 9 (32.1) | 0.23 |
| HOSPITALIZATION | ||||
| ICU | ||||
| Median (range) | 1 (0–89) | 1 (0–66) | 1 (0–89) | 0.0001 |
| Hospital stay | ||||
| Median (range) | 8 (0–180) | 8 (0–180) | 15 (7–180) | <0.0001 |
| 0–7 days | 83 (40.9) | 80 (44.2) | 3 (13.6) | |
| 7–14 days | 87 (42.9) | 80 (44.2) | 7 (31.8) | |
| >14 days | 33 (16.3) | 21 (11.6) | 12 (54.5) | <0.0001 |
ICU: intensive care unit, ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure, NIV: noninvasive positive pressure ventilation.