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The cascades of ubiquitination/deubiquitination and families of DUBs. (A) E1, E2, and E3 cascades add mono- or polyubiquitin chains to substrates. DUB removes substrate-bound ubiquitin. (B) DUB contains seven subgroups: JAMM/MPN+, ZUSP, MINDY, USP, UCH, OTU, and MJD, depending on the characteristics of the conserved domains. The number of genes in each family is indicated.
